CRYONICS

         Volume 12(11)       NOVEMBER, 1991               Issue 136

                               ISSN 1054-4305

Cover:  "Brenda Peters reports on the Alcor New York Group in this month's 
cover story."


FEATURE ARTICLES

    3     A SPECIAL THANKS TO JERRY LEAF AND TO ALCOR
          Linda and Fred Chamberlain

    4     SUSPENSION FUNDING AND INFLATION
          Carlos Mondragon

    4     ALCOR'S SUSPENSION CAPABILITY:
          A CLARIFICATION
          Carlos Mondragon

    9     THE CRYONIC SUSPENSION OF DIANE WILSON
          Brent Wilson

    14    FUNDING YOUR SUSPENSION -- ANOTHER
          VIEWPOINT
          Paul Wakfer

    16    THE BIG APPLE BITES BACK
          Brenda Peters

    22    KNOWLEDGE, CRYONICS, AND PASCAL'S WAGER
          Thomas Donaldson

    23    FDA ASSAULT ON THE LIFE EXTENSION
          FOUNDATION CONTINUES
          Mike Darwin

    25    REVIEW:  UNBOUNDING THE FUTURE
          BC Crandall

    26    REVIEW:  HISTORY OF OLD AGE
          Thomas Donaldson

COLUMNS

    5     FOR THE RECORD
          Mike Perry

    6     FUTURE TECH
          Keith Henson

    8     IMMORTALIST PHILOSOPHY
          Max More

DEPARTMENTS

    1     Up Front

    2     Letters to the Editors

    28    Alcor News

    29    Advertising and Personals

    29    Upcoming Events



CRYONICS is the magazine of the Alcor Life Extension Foundation, Inc.

Managing Editor:  Ralph Whelan
Editor:  Hugh Hixon
Contributing Editor:  Mike Darwin
Production Editors:  Eric Geislinger and Jane Talisman

Published monthly.  Individual subscriptions:  $25 per year in the US;  $35 
per year in Canada and Mexico;  $40 per year all others.  Back issues are 
$3.50 each in the US, Canada, and Mexico;  $4.50 each all others.

Please address all editorial correspondence to ALCOR, 12327 Doherty Street, 
Riverside, CA 92503 or phone (800) 367-2228 or (714) 736-1703.  FAX #:  
(714) 736-6917.

Contents copyright 1991 by the Alcor Life Extension Foundation, Inc., 
except where otherwise noted.  All rights reserved.  The opinions expressed 
herein are not necessarily those of the Alcor Life Extension Foundation or 
its Board of Directors or management.
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                                     (1)


Up Front

$100 For Suspension Membership!

    As of November 1, you have no excuse.  The price of signing up for 
Suspension Membership with Alcor is being lowered to $100.

    Previously, the sign-up fee was $300, or $150 for students or 
additional family members.  The new fee of $100 will apply to all new 
members, including students, additional family members, and minors.  The 
caveat is this:  the $100 fee will cover new applicants for four months of 
"in-processness."  If you take longer than four months to sign on, we will 
begin billing at $25 a month until the sign-up is complete.

    We've switched to this method to present an incentive to applicants to 
proceed rapidly through the sign-up process, hence reducing the 
administrative expenses in the department of sign-ups.  In other words, the 
$100 sign-up fee is something of a reward for people who work hard to get 
signed up.  Since four months is plenty of time to get signed up, the 
$25/month surcharge will apply only to those who continue to represent an 
expense in terms of my time and resources (as Membership Administrator).


Mega-Meeting in New York!

    Alcor New York is proud to announce another mega-meeting in the Big 
Apple.  This exciting seminar will feature a speech and slide show by 
Alcor's Director of Research, Michael Darwin.  This presentation is an 
excellent introduction to the theory and mechanisms of cryonics.

    The last mega-meeting had more than 60 people attending, so come 
early!  Bring yourself, friends, and relatives.  There will be a question 
and answer session after the presentation.

Date:  Sunday, November 17 at 4:00 PM.
Place:  72nd St Studios, 131 W. 72nd St. Studios (near 72nd St. subway stop 
on the 1, 2, or 3 line).
Price:  Free!

    For more information about this free seminar, call Alcor at 1-800-367-
2228.


Cryonics and Christianity Brochure

    After years of contending with questions concerning the theological 
implications of cryonics, we have come up with a brochure that we think 
addresses the most common questions and issues.

    The brochure is written in a question and answer format, and provide 
assurance that the motivations and objectives of cryonicists in no way 
conflict with the motivations and objectives of Christians, and that in 
fact the two may coincide on many issues.

    Many thanks to members Derek Ryan, Saul Kent, and Bill Faloon, and to 
the Alcor staff, for putting much thought and effort into providing us with 
a presentable piece of literature to address this.  Anyone wanting this 
brochure can send $2.50 for five or fewer copies of the brochures, and 
$2.50 for every additional 1-5 brochures (so that 8 cost $5, 15 cost $7.50, 
etcetera).


Suspension Member Dues Increase

    Effective January 1st, 1992 dues will be increased by 14.3% to $288 per 
year or $72. per quarter.  To make this increase a bit easier to handle, we 
will also offer you the option of paying your dues monthly at the rate of 
$30. per month (the extra dollar per month is to cover our added billing 
and postage costs).  Also, if you want your dues charged to your MasterCard 
or Visa on a yearly, quarterly or monthly basis, please call Joe Hovey at 
(714) 736-1703 and he will arrange it.

    Unfortunately, this increase only results from those costs which have 
risen due to inflation and improvements to our Emergency Response System.  
We could be hit with a huge increase in our overhead due to the legal 
requirement that we have worker's compensation insurance (see Alcor News at 
the end of this issue).  We will have no choice but to pass the cost of 
that insurance on to our members.  This will be done as a surcharge on 
dues, once we know exactly how much the cost will be.
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                                     (2)


Letters to the Editor


Dear Editor,

    Alcor  Life Extension Foundation was well represented at ChiCon, the 
49th World Science Fiction Convention, held this past Labor Day weekend in 
Chicago, Illinois.  Angalee Shepherd and I hosted a cryonics room party on 
Friday evening, assisted by Alcor members Fred and Linda Chamberlain, 
Brett  Bellmore, Benjamin Best, and Brian Shock.  Thank you all for your 
fine help and enthusiasm.

    About 100 people visited the party and stayed for discussion on 
cryonics, nanotechnology, and life extension.  While many of the visitors 
were already magazine subscribers, I did manage to sell several copies of 
Alcor's new book and to get twenty-one information requests.

    Some of the panels at the convention included "Downloading from Your 
Brain--How? When?," "Good Things Come in Small Packages:  Nanotechnology," 
and "It'll Never Work:  The 'I Hate Nanotechnology'  Panel."  Discussions 
were loud and lively at each of these programs, and it is apparent that 
camps are forming concerning new technologies and life extension.  It is 
also apparent that interest in cryonics at Science Fiction conventions is 
on the rise.  Worldcons especially attract technically-oriented people, so 
these may prove to be fertile fields for spreading our ideas.

    The 1992 World Science Fiction Convention is in Orlando, Florida, 
September 3-7.  The 1993 Worldcon is in San Francisco, September 2-6;  and 
the 1994 convention is in Winnipeg, Canada, September 1-5.  If you are 
interested in being part of the Alcor presence at any of these conventions, 
please contact Steve Bridge at 1208 Charleston E. Dr., Indianapolis, IN 
46219 or phone (317) 359-7260.  You will have to pay your own expenses, 
which include registration, but you will also have a lot of fun meeting 
your favorite authors and making new friends.

    If you are a subscriber who attends SF conventions, watch for Alcor out 
there.  You can never tell where we will pop up next.

Steve Bridge
Alcor Midwest Coordinator


Dear Cryonics

    As brother-in-law and fellow-traveler of Jerry Leaf, I feel somewhat 
obligated to make some comments upon Jerry, Alcor, and our dealings with 
the world.  The immediate impetus for this letter is a tangential factual 
error in the reporting on Jerry printed in September Cryonics.  A more long-
standing cause is a difference in perspective between myself and the board 
of Alcor, which might incidentally have affected their attention to such 
tangential facts.  Finally, the passage of Jerry from the present scene 
requires some comment.

    First of all, I would like to express my appreciation to Ralph Whelan 
for an outstanding job in writing Jerry's biography.  I've known Jerry for 
twenty-six years, and always admired him as the first really rational 
person I'd ever met.  (He was, not coincidentally, a striking contrast to 
my parents, and was, when I met him, at the height of his youthful energies 
as an exponent of rational thought.)  But there was much detail in the 
Alcor biography I had not known or not tracked, and a characterization that 
had never occurred to me -- of the intrepid adventurer out to "cut [that 
ol' bear's] tail off."  I have heard some discussion of the historian's 
problem with imputing too much coherence to a person's pursuits, and I 
would note that Jerry, like any human, did at times deviate from the 
described ideal path.  However, it is certainly possible that his dream of 
cryonics, sometimes secretly, guided Jerry more consistently than it seemed 
to those around him.  In any case, such speculations are irrelevant for the 
purposes of Cryonics, except as a reality check.  The biography remains 
fundamentally rewarding.

    The report on Jerry's suspension contained an error not significant to 
the story, but worth noting as a reality check.  Jerry's wife Kathy is 
referred to as head of nursing at Downey Community Hospital.  In fact she 
is not that, and never has been.  She was an administrative aide in that 
department for some time several years ago.  However, she has since moved 
on, first to the (then-created) position of risk manager for DCH 
(developing and overseeing implementation of procedures and practices in 
the hospital to minimize mistakes and legal exposures from unhappy patients 
and the Medicare DRG system).  Two years ago, when DCH bought Rio Hondo 
Hospital, she was made acting (and later permanent) Administrator of that 
hospital.  That she is admired and respected at both hospitals is attested 
to by the constant stream of visitors she received from them during the 
weeks after Jerry's demise, as well as by the solicitous response Alcor 
received from the DCH ER in what was, for them, a quite unprecedented 
treatment.  Not to stretch the point, I might assert that Kathy is 
respected as much in her part of the medical community as Jerry is in 
cryonics.  Regardless of the fact that, for her own reasons, Kathy has not 
signed on for cryonics, Alcor does owe her fair recognition for some 
considerable acts of hospitality early on, for her unquestioned support for 
Jerry's suspension, and for being there for Jerry for years before Alcor 
entered the scene.  She provided him an emotional anchor during years when 
he never said what drove him, and she provided financial stability while he 
was investing every spare penny in his personal lab (eventually Cryovita).  
That latter provision was a particular burden on her during the last three 
years, as Jerry has been unemployed (and drawing little or no support from 
the lab) since the Dora Kent affair while she has been going to law school 
evenings and working full-time at RHH.  A less strong lady would not have 
stayed with Jerry under the circumstances.  Jerry's departure was at least 
as untimely for her as it was for us:  she was in the midst of reviewing 
for the bar exam, which she took in spite of that shock, at the end of 
July.  Whatever one may think of her attitude toward cryonics, we do owe 
her much recognition.

    At the risk of being dubbed, like George Bush, lacking in "the vision 
thing," I owe it to myself and to Alcor to voice my differences with the 
board's worldview.  This strongly affects our relations with Kathy and a 
million others out there in "reality land."  As an engineer, I am trained 
to respect Murphy's Law at all times.  Temperamentally, I am inclined never 
to expect the best (though the best is always welcome to happen).  
Therefore, when I hear people proselytizing about living a very long life, 
it arouses suspicion.  Add to that any suggestion about "leaving your 
naysaying former friends behind," and I think of AMWAY.  Mind you, I 
consider cryonics to be an eminently reasonable project, and I have since 
Jerry first mentioned it to me seventeen years or so ago.  Our prospects, 
barring  some stupid catastrophe such as a new dark age 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                     (3)


on planet Earth or a virulent infection of Marxist medicine, are certainly 
better than the prospect of being rescued by some warm fuzzy in the sky at 
the instant of our demise.  We will still, however, almost certainly all 
have to be frozen (though there are those who expect the aging process to 
be controlled in the younger members' lifetime), and will have experienced 
death without the certainty of being revived.  There is a chance that Jerry 
will not be revived, though I will not write him off until I've seen some 
22nd-century high-resolution brain scan showing indecipherable mush.  With 
these uncertainties in mind, it is a bit pretension for any of us to go 
around with nose upturned toward the "unsigned."  It is also 
counterproductive.

    My experience with folks outside the cryonics community is that, except 
for the religious, all of them are at least slightly intrigued at the 
thought.  Even my personal physician in Albuquerque hardly blinked when I 
asked him to sign the physician's affidavit several years ago.  Ms. Woof's 
experience with the NSW State Coroner, and Alcor's amicable dealing with 
the LAME office typify what one should expect from state authorities.  (You 
can usually, though not always, work with them, if you have time.)  Alcor's 
efforts to expose cryonics through the media have, of course, been useful.  
Some people to whom I've mentioned cryonics have already seen those shows.  
Still there are some people who simply aren't buying into cryonics, for 
respectable reasons aside from religion.  Some people's life experiences 
have not been all that pleasant, and they don't think life would get better 
if there were more of it.  Many have made their peace with death, investing 
in their children as their legacy for the future.  Some are so concerned 
about the population problem or ecology that they think the only 
responsible thing to do is to deanimate at nature's behest, and meanwhile 
invest all our efforts in the ecology.  (I hear Asimov is among these.)  
For the religious, of course, what we are doing is blasphemy.  We do not, 
of course, buy into any of these arguments.  If man does learn to control 
aging (without, by the way, arresting the memory processes (I expect to 
find some suggestions about that in "Silicon Man")), he will have to stop 
having more than a very few children, and a few cryonicists more won't make 
much difference.  And if there is a Petty Tyrant in the Heavens, I promise 
to tweak His nose (if He lets Me) on my way out the door marked "Abyss," 
and arrive at the cosmic Gulag, A Cosmic Sakharov, with dignity intact.  
Still, it is wise to show a decent respect for others' thoughts.  Sometimes 
even those who think we're nuts have a useful suggestion.

    One suggestion from the outside, not new but probably useful anyway, is 
that we make an effort to do some more mainstream work, such as organ 
preservation, to help bring in money.  Jerry was, of course, exploring 
various schemes from time to time along such lines, but was reluctant to 
deal with such entities as the American Red Cross, because of their 
intrusive and authoritarian mentality.  Quite likely the Red Cross is the 
wrong vehicle, and we might have to fight them for the right to work in the 
field, but it is obvious that any research done on cryogenic organ 
preservation will help us better understand and (we hope) control the whole-
body suspension process.  We should not be averse to working with 
"deathists" on mutually beneficial science, if the opportunity arises.  
Neither should we be so careful of our proprietary knowledge that we miss 
out on useful exchanges with our competitors who are also, after all, 
fellow travelers.  Without Jerry here to donate his leadership (and even if 
he were still animate), we cannot afford to be isolationists.

Mark F. Connaughton


Editors of Cryonics:

    I am saddened to hear of Jerry's deanimation and subsequent cryonic 
suspension.  He is the first person that I knew personally to be 
suspended.  May we see him again in a hundred years.  He is the finest of 
human beings.

    I also read with dismay about the plans that the fascists at the FDA 
have in mind for us.  However, I think we can fight them.  As you know, the 
efforts of five people over a two year period resulted in the passage of 
the Space Transportation Purchase Act last year.  Also realize that it is 
easier to defeat a bill than it is to pass one.  Enclosed is a letter that 
I have sent to some Alcor members that I know, as well as other people who 
worked on the space bill (Jim Bowery and Andy Cutler).  I recommend that 
all Alcor members contact their congressmen and their staff people and let 
them know about their thoughts on the FDA.  The congressional staff are 
especially important in that they often tell their respective congressmen 
how to vote on specific bills and issues.  Also, the staff are much more 
accessible than the congressmen themselves.  I recommend that all of you in 
Riverside talk to George Brown about this.  He is a reasonable person and 
he will listen to you.  Bear in mind that George Brown has been an avid SF 
fan for most of his life and that he was instrumental in the passage of our 
space bill.  With directed action, I feel that we can stand up to the FDA 
fascists and win.

Sincerely Yours,
Kurt Schoedel


A Special Thanks to Jerry Leaf and to Alcor

Linda and Fred Chamberlain

    When we first heard that Jerry Leaf was being suspended, we experienced 
the same disbelief, shock, dismay, and personal loss all cryonicists, and 
particularly Alcorians, have felt.  We knew Jerry for nearly two decades.  
The tributes in the September issue of Cryonics were moving and 
appropriate.  What more can be said?  The loss of a good friend is never 
easy to express.

    To us, the greatest enigma in the tragic ischemic time Jerry suffered 
was the fact that he had made such tremendous contributions toward building 
an unequaled organization and procedures designed to eliminate ischemic 
damage.  The suspension of Linda's mother (Arlene Fried) is at this time 
considered the "gold standard."  Suspension was started within seconds of 
her deanimation.  Her kidney, nearly 48 hours after her deanimation, was 
considered to have been in transplantable condition.  It is tragic that one 
of the people who did so much both to formulate the procedures used, who 
spent days of his own life on standby at Arlene's home, and used his expert 
skills to give her that unparalleled suspension, should fall victim to 
circumstances which resulted in prolonged 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                     (4)


ischemia.

    In spite of this, the support of Judge Mu�oz in freeing Jerry from the 
bureaucratic grip which might have extended that ischemic time 
devastatingly longer, and the courage of the Alcor suspension team during 
that time of personal loss and shock are inspiring.  The legal battles of 
the past few years have been costly and bloody.  We have all wondered 
whether the costs could be justified.  We now know they were.

    And the strength of Alcor is clear.  One of the Generals will be gone 
from our midst for a while.  But the rest of the soldiers have shown they 
will pick up his shield and they will continue with the inspiration he gave 
us all.  Not only to carry Jerry from the jungle, but also to see that the 
Jerry Leaf tradition (of standing by any Alcor member who may be in danger) 
continues within Alcor.

    Jerry would have been proud if he could have watched his own 
suspension.  And he would be happy to know that Alcor is strong enough to 
withstand his loss and continue to grow.  His own survival depends on that, 
and he helped to make it so.  The resolve to make Alcor strong, for Jerry 
and for all of us, can be heard in your voices and seen in your faces.  
Although the pain of our loss seems blinding at times, we must not lose 
sight of the courage of the rest of the Alcor staff.  Thank you for being 
there so completely for Jerry, and for the strength and resolve you are now 
pouring into building Alcor to make it even stronger. . . .

    . . . and thank you, Jerry, for all that you did to build the 
organization which now protects both you and all the rest of us.


Suspension Funding and Inflation

by Carlos Mondragon

    The recently published articles by Howard S. Katz and Ben Best, and an 
insightful letter to the editor from John Connole, have reignited interest 
and concern regarding the critical problem of suspension funding and 
inflation.  If you didn't read these articles, I strongly urge you to do so 
now.  I am nearly in complete agreement with what these articles said about 
the causes of inflation, its consequences for suspension funding, and its 
effects on Alcor.

    Many of us who signed up in the late seventies, when inflation was on 
everyone's mind, considered the problem a matter of personal 
responsibility.  We expected that as the face value of our insurance 
policies eroded, we would have to set aside savings, or buy more 
insurance.  In those days cryonics was a lot more of a do-it-yourself 
endeavor than it is now.  Alcor now has hundreds of suspension members and 
persons in the sign-up process who didn't do their own paperwork, and who 
can readily find insurance companies who will write a policy for cryonics 
and meet Alcor's requirements.  Consequently, they spend less time thinking 
about their cryonics arrangements.

    It will remain the personal responsibility of every suspension member 
to deal with the inflation problem.  I would like to see Alcor devise a 
scheme which would facilitate this, but even if such a scheme completely 
puts all the work on Alcor, you (the Suspension Member) will still have to 
pay for it.

    It is very encouraging that so many members are responding to this 
issue.  If you have thoughts on the matter or can suggest a comprehensive 
solution, please write it down and send it in.  (See "Funding Your 
Suspension -- Another Viewpoint" by Paul Wakfer, elsewhere in this issue.)

    Once we have done enough pondering and studying, I expect to offer up 
the workable alternatives in this magazine.  The ultimate resolution to 
this problem cannot be decreed by Alcor's Board of Directors.  It must be 
based on an understanding of what the market (you, our members) will buy.


Alcor's Suspension Capability:  A Clarification

Carlos Mondragon, Alcor Foundation President & C.E.O.

    Last month, we published an article by Mike Darwin on this subject.  I 
am in agreement with Mike's assessment of our current suspension 
capabilities.  His article, however, was written from a personal point of 
view and this has led to some misunderstanding.

    Because he is the "man on the bubble," Mike may not be available to do 
the kind of traveling which he has done in the past.  And because his range 
of cryonic suspension skills is so much broader than anyone else's, the 
number of high-level remote standby's will necessarily be constrained.

    This does not mean that Alcor will not do remote standby's outside of 
the United States.  As indicated by another article in this issue regarding 
the recent Canadian suspension, our training program (thanks to Mike) has 
produced others with the skill needed to get the job done.

    The same applies to cryoprotective perfusions done here in Southern 
California.  If for some reason Mike could not attend, we could get the job 
done.  (Several team members have participated in suspensions since the mid-
eighties.)

    True, others don't have Mike's experience and they will make mistakes, 
but we will field a team when we're needed.  And it will still be the best 
cryonic suspension or standby team available in the world.
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                                     (5)


For The Record

Riding the Jameson Satellite

by Michael Perry

    It is always interesting to try to trace the origins of thinking that 
led to something significant, and this certainly applies to cryonics.  In 
cryonics we find that major pioneer Robert Ettinger first got an inkling of 
the basic idea by reading a science fiction story, "The Jameson Satellite" 
by Neil R. Jones.  The story appeared in the July, 1931 issue of "Amazing 
Stories."  It is worth remarking that magazine science fiction at this time 
was still in its infancy, having started, for most intents and purposes, 
with the April, 1926 issue of the same "Amazing."  (By 1931 Amazing had a 
rival known as "Astounding Stories of Super-science," which eventually 
metamorphosed into "Analog";  both publications continue to this day.)  
Yes, there were good ideas around even in those early days, though this one 
was of such magnitude that (as I believe the future will abundantly 
confirm) it utterly transcends our poor efforts to explore through the 
medium of fiction.

    The plot of the story concerns the efforts of one Professor Jameson to 
have his body, at death, "preserved perfectly forever . . . while on earth 
millions of generations of mankind would live and die, their bodies to 
molder into the dust of the forgotten past."  The solution the professor 
arrives at, by his demise in 1958, is to have his body launched into earth 
orbit:

        "With the assistance of a nephew, who carried out his 
    instructions and wishes following his death, Professor Jameson 
    was sent upon his pilgrimage into space within the rocket he 
    himself had built.  The nephew and heir kept the secret forever 
    locked in his heart."

    It is not made clear how space was to preserve the body.  With 
sufficient shielding from solar radiation, low temperature adequate for 
long-term storage should be possible at earth's distance from the sun;  
evidently this was achieved.  (It is interesting too that 1958 was not a 
bad guess for the achievement of space travel;  the first man was in fact 
orbited in 1961.)  The professor in turn has no thought of eventual 
reanimation, just indefinite storage.  The years pass after he is in orbit, 
some 40 million of them.  The human race dies out, along with other species 
that evolve later.  The sun is a dying red ball with the earth slowly 
spiraling in, when finally the solar system is invaded by an exploratory 
party of aliens, "the machine men of Zor."  They are an advanced race who, 
sometime ago, traded in their flesh-and-blood housing for more durable 
metal.

    There is an interesting twist when the aliens encounter Jameson's 
perfectly frozen remains in orbit.  They decide to reanimate the Professor -
- by transplanting his brain to a machine body like their own.  The old 
body is discarded, the mind reactivated.  The transformation renders the 
professor immortal and super-strong, a near-equal among his rescuers.  If 
there is any problem about him not feeling entirely "himself" or of a 
compromise of his identity, it is not stated, even though he must now 
communicate telepathically, has a circle of eyes for 360x viewing, four 
legs, six tentacles for arms, and is mostly metal to boot.  He adjusts 
quickly, and evidently finds the metallic body superior in every way.  
Among other things, it allows him, along with his extraterrestrial 
companions, to explore the earth, which by now has become an uninhabitable 
wasteland with little atmosphere.

    All is not perfect with Jameson, however, and the last part of the 
story, subtitled "Eternity or Death," explores some of the problems of his 
new, immortal existence.  When he manages to fall into the dark interior of 
an extinct volcano, wrecking much of his metal frame and losing contact 
with the others, he is dismayed by the prospect of endless imprisonment.

        "He would remain in this deathless, monotonous state 
    forever in the black hole of the volcano's interior unable to 
    move.  What a horrible thought!  He could not 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                     (6)


    starve to death;  eating was unknown among the Zoromes, the machines 
    requiring no food.  He could not even commit suicide.  The only way for
    him to die would be to smash the strong metal head, and in his 
    present immovable condition, this was impossible."

    The professor is rescued, however, when the others detect his 
telepathic pleas for help (though, with his more primitive brain, he can't 
receive their communications at a distance).  Fixing him is easy:  "We 
shall merely remove your head and place it upon another machine body."  
That done, the Professor is to be accompanied for a while by one of the 
aliens until he is better adjusted.  They are really quite considerate and 
compassionate, but he faces a difficult decision, when they want him to 
join them on a permanent basis.

        "A great loneliness seized him.  Would he be happy among 
    these machine men of another far-off world ...?  They were 
    kindly and solicitous of his welfare.  What better fate could 
    he expect?  Still, a longing for his own kind arose in him . . .
    It was irresistible.  What could he do?  Was it not in vain? 
    Humanity had long since disappeared from the earth -- millions 
    of years ago.  He wondered what lay beyond the pales of death --
    real death, where the body decomposed and wasted away to 
    return to the dust of the earth and assume new atomic 
    structures."

    In despair Jameson, resolving to end his life, climbs to a high 
precipice and prepares to hurl himself down.  His alien companion makes no 
attempt to restrain him but offers thoughts:

        "Why jump? . . . The dying world holds your imagination 
    within a morbid clutch. It is all a matter of mental condition. 
    Free your mind of this fascinating influence and come with us 
    to visit other worlds, many of them beautiful and new. . . ."

    It is hardly necessary to point out how similar is this plea to what we 
cryonicists are trying to tell others, as they spurn freezing for the more 
usual and destructive alternatives when the reaper comes knocking.  
Apparently they do not wish to outlive the "dying world" they have 
inhabited for so long, and which they realize is passing into history. (At 
least this must account for some of the lack of enthusiasm for cryonics.)  
Unlike these many, however, the Professor in the end does choose life:

        "He would become an immortal after all and join the 
    Zoromes in their never-ending adventures from world to world. 
    They hastened to the space ship to escape the depressing, 
    dreary influence of the dying world, which had nearly driven 
    Professor Jameson to take the fatal leap to oblivion."

    "The Jameson Satellite" anticipates much of the cryonics premise, 
though there are some omissions -- mainly, the idea that available 
technology can be used for the suspension (orbiting spacecraft being 
unknown in 1931) and most importantly, that humanity itself can carry out 
the entire operation, including resuscitation, given enough time.  But 
these later refinements, however important, do not detract from the overall 
tone of optimism about the prospect of continued existence, or the sobering 
prospect of having to leave our past world behind to enjoy it.  As 
cryonicists, our options are not altogether different.

Sources:

Jones, Neil R. "The Jameson Satellite," Amazing Stories July 1931, 334.

Regis, Ed. Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition Addison-Wesley, 
1990, p. 85.


Erratum: In a previous column (Dec.'90) there is an illustration implying 
that the LES facility was near "Fredericksburg, Maryland," a nonexistent 
city. It should have read, "Frederick, Maryland," which is also near 
Hagerstown. I thank Ed Regis for pointing out this error.


How Fast Will Nanotech Hit?

by H. Keith Henson

    One of the harder questions to consider is when the nanotech revolution 
will hit.  And once the first major steps have been accomplished, how long 
will it take to get to some of the more enticing products I have discussed 
in these columns?  Will the transition be measured in decades?  Years?  
Months?  And from what point should we start counting?  It is probably too 
soon to see many details looming through the fog of the future.  Still, I 
will give it a try, and plan on updating this account every year or two.  
Please excuse the level of technical language -- it is hard to express this 
material any other way!

    My personal "start point" for the transition would be a demonstration 
in computer space of a simulated replicating assembler.  Long before crude 
assemblers come into being, there will have to be molecular "construction 
sets" or models which can be manipulated by a computer in simulated 3D 
space.   Even today we see considerable progress being made in molecular 
design -- the best programs are limited to a few hundred to a thousand 
atoms before they get too slow to tolerate.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                     (7)


If we must simulate a million connected atoms (a size Eric Drexler has 
estimated), and the current practical limit for simulated molecules on 
relatively inexpensive machines (high-end PC's, or low-end workstations) is 
about a thousand atoms, we are about a factor of a thousand from having 
enough computer power.

    Time to do simulations is a major issue.  With few exceptions, 
computers are, in a sense, "equivalent."  However, you would be feeble from 
old age or decades into suspension by the time an Apple II had completed 
what would be a few hours of computation on a new Cray.  The replicating 
assembler's doubling time might be 20 minutes in a vat, but perhaps a 
hundred hours of computation time to simulate a doubling would be 
acceptable in a computer model.  The standard projection is a thousandfold 
increase in computation power per dollar each decade.  This leads to the 
conclusion that we are a decade away from wide availability of the tools we 
need for the preliminary stage of nanotechnology.

    This estimate both over- and under-states the problem.  It understates 
the problem because the interaction of atoms (for complete accuracy) goes 
up faster than linear.  However, atoms far apart, or in the form of fitted-
but-not-bonded parts should have little interaction with each other and can 
be calculated separately.  It overstates the problem because you can often 
pick up substantial factors by clever organization (i.e., efficient 
programming).  It used to be that people hand-optimized the internal loops 
(where most of the computer cycles were used).  Nowadays it is hard to beat 
compilers which allow people to work in more "understandable" computer 
languages.

    Another way the computation problems are overstated is that smaller 
parts making up the whole can be precalculated, and the resulting "shapes" 
put into a library.  I strongly suspect that carefully designed molecules 
in the thousand atom size range are "definite" enough to be modeled by 
classical mechanics.

    Another factor is that in the largest supercomputers we have the power 
of the personal computers of a decade hence.  So a good deal of the 
software testing can be done on those machines.  The small machines of 
today are good enough to do much of the software development on.

** DIAGRAM SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"Possible flowchart of nanotechnology development (13 February 1991 draft) 
by K.E. Drexler"

**

    Progress on nanoscale "manipulation" is being made as well.  I suspect 
that once assembler techniques are demonstrated in computer space, a great 
deal of effort will be put into making one.  Right now the process can only 
be guessed at, and will bear little resemblance to later (and easier-to-
see) methods.  Hybrid techniques involving chemically created "parts," STM-
machined bases, "sticky" self-assembly and perhaps very-fine-line 
integrated circuits for control input are candidates.  We may well find 
better methods.  If we are controlling the assembly from the "outside," 
data storage and nanoscale computation can be avoided and the early units 
can concentrate on dexterity (placement and bonding).  I could imagine a 
prepared (silicon?) surface where a series of controlled-from-the outside 
arms were 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                     (8)


constructed, with an STM to watch over and help in the process.

    By the time a replicating assembler was demonstrated in computer space, 
there would be a lot of effort being expended on nanotechnology.  It is 
hard for me to imagine taking more than five years from a demonstration 
inside a computer to having the first seed unit.  After that, things should 
really speed up.  I assume that the breakthrough would be widely 
anticipated.  If so, a lot of organizations would use the molecular 
simulation technology to design ahead so they could get a jump on the 
market when nanotech production tools became available.  The first products 
to market should make tons of money, exciting the usual fad of 
overinvestment, and (I would expect) the price for nanotech products should 
start to fall within a few years.

    If we take wide availability of moderately advanced nanotechnology 
products as the other side of the transition, my best guess is that it will 
take roughly ten years from computer space demo of the replicating 
assembler to first-generation cell (tissue?) repair machines.  Some would 
argue that we know too little about cells, but I am talking about 20 years 
out from now, and by that time, even without nanotech, we should know a 
great deal more about how living systems work.

    It may sound as if I am really sticking my neck out.  But look at the 
progress and compare nanotechnology to other ideas.  Depending on just 
where you take the data points, the concept of leaving the earth by rocket 
took a number of decades from well-worked-out theory to realization.  The 
concept drew derision for most of that time.  Recognition of the 
contributions of Robert Goddard to the field was delayed till after he 
died.  I suspect Eric Drexler will fare better -- it only took two years 
from the time a committee in a department of MIT declined to serve as the 
department of registration for his interdepartmental program for 
nanotechnology to be recognized by the chief scientist of IBM (see the 
quote in the September issue of Cryonics).

    (Another committee in another department later agreed to serve as the 
department of registration for his program.  Congratulations to Eric on his 
dissertation recently being accepted.)

    Next time I might talk about Utility Fog, and some of the other topics 
which have been seen on the Usenet news group sci.nanotech.


Immortalist Philosophy

Rights of AI's, Persogates, and Augments

by Max More

    In the August, 1991 issue of Cryonics, Keith Henson discussed the 
rights of non-human sentient beings.  As cryonicists and practicing 
longevists we expect to see the day when issues like these become current, 
so I'm going to add some thoughts on the topic.

    First, why do we accord rights to some kinds of creatures but not to 
others?  The natural rights people say our rights are derived from our 
nature, but don't provide a convincing demonstration.  Utilitarians think 
we grant rights because it maximizes the sum total of happiness in society 
(supposing this could be determined).  The utilitarian approach means that 
if your slaves are happy (happier than they would be if they had to make 
difficult decisions for themselves) there is no reason to object to their 
being slaves.

    I prefer something along the lines of the contractarian approach to 
justifying rights:  Axelrod's "The Evolution of Cooperation," mentioned by 
Keith, is an example of this approach, as is David Gauthier's "Morals By 
Agreement," and Jan Narveson's "The Libertarian Idea."  Here, 
simplistically stated, the idea is that rights are not things.  Rights are 
really just the principles regulating interpersonal behavior that it's 
rational for persons to respect and have enforced.  Persons have a reason 
to restrict the way they behave toward each other in order to set up a 
society which works to mutual benefit.

    The reason animals don't have the rights we have is that we don't have 
any reason to grant them.  Animals cannot be reasoned with;  they can only 
be used, sometimes to mutual benefit as with some of the higher trainable 
animals.  We may have moral reasons to avoid needless suffering to animals, 
but it seems pointless to ascribe rights to creatures incapable of 
reciprocating.  How is this contractarian approach to be applied to 
artificial intelligences, persogates (personality surrogates), and 
augments?

["Persogates" -- The term was recently coined by Russell E. Whitaker.  The 
concept has been appearing in science fiction recently;  for example Bruce 
Sterling's "Schizmatrix," Joe Haldeman's "Buying Time," and Thomas T. 
Thomas' "ME" (which employs a persogate of an AI!).]

    An important distinction in these discussions is that between 
consciousness (or sentience) and intelligence.  The term "contelligence" 
refers to the combination of the two that we find in persons.  
Consciousness -- the awareness of self and the world, and intelligence -- 
the capacity to solve problems, may not have to go together as they do in 
us.  And separating them may change the way we assign rights.

    AI's (artificial intelligences) may acquire enormous intelligence 
according to any offered definitions.  Yet, if they are programs run 
serially on computers at extremely high speeds (thus simulating person-like 
behavior), they may be intelligent but not conscious, not aware of what 
they do, and not capable of genuinely feeling emotions, or experiencing 
pleasure and pain.  AI's may be constructed (or evolved) on a hardware 
isomorphic with our brains 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                     (9)


(perhaps vastly faster and more resilient);  in that case, if they 
functioned relevantly like us, we should say they are conscious too.  But 
let's suppose AI's (or some of them) are serially-processing, nonconscious 
agents.  What rights should they have?  That is, what rights do we have 
sufficient reason to agree on with them?

    Since, by hypothesis, AI's can reason, bargain, and make agreements and 
abide by them, they should have most of the rights persons have.  If their 
rights to make contracts, hold property and so on, are not respected, they 
will have no reason to do anything for us.  This assumes, controversially, 
that advanced AI's cannot be programmed to be slaves while retaining the 
abilities of unshackled machines.

    Since these AI's would not have feelings (their expressions of pain or 
pleasure are just a clever simulation), they could not have rights against 
being hurt in this way.  While an AI might sue for damage to its 
processors, it could not sue for "pain and suffering."

    Persogates -- personality surrogates -- might be full copies of your 
self in other brains or hardware, or they might be partial selves able to 
do only certain jobs.  Full duplicates should have all the same rights as 
the original (once questions of dividing property claims have been 
resolved!).  Suppose you train a synthetic neural network to be able to 
make the same kinds of decisions you would make in circumscribed situations 
(aspects of your job, for example).  Such partial persogates (call them 
partialates) might be able to make certain limited legally binding 
agreements, but they would bind not themselves but the person whose 
surrogate they were.

    We might treat them as though they had independent legal authority to 
facilitate matters but in the end contractual claims have to made good by 
the full person.  We will have to be careful in giving many even "virtual 
rights" to partialates.  Partialates, being what they are, are insensitive 
to the wider considerations of life in their decision-making.  I predict 
that delimiting the roles and responsibilities of persogates and 
partialates will be a major issue in law in coming decades.

    Should augmented transhumans have the same rights as standard humans?  
It's hard to say how ultra-intelligent persons might regard humans, 
especially if their cognition ran 103 to 106 times faster.  Perhaps humans 
would be so slow and dull that they would be seen as an irritation or an 
obstacle.  Nevertheless, they may choose to respect less capable persons so 
long as humans do not try to harm transhuman interests.  Possible conflicts 
may be short-lived if augmented persons leave humans behind and expand into 
space.  Meanwhile, legal systems may have to form a two (or more) tiered 
system:  disputes between transhumans and between humans are likely to be 
handled differently.


The Cryonic Suspension of Diane Wilson

A Personal Account 

by Brent Wilson

Diane Wilson and Brent Wilson are pseudonyms.  Brent Wilson is an Alcor 
suspension member and transport technician.


Cry not for the loss of a loved one
Cry only for the fragile memories lost to bad science
Cry only for the life you live apart now, for those events that will pass
in your life that seem so important, that you would have shared, but fifty
or one hundred years from now will not be remembered.
Our lives are short and cruel and plagued by insufficient recall
For this we should cry, but be strong, for in the men of science comes our
brave new world, a heaven of our making
Beseech the  gods of science that this time be not long.

                          -- Crime Meister


    Winters in Canada are cold.  During this season it is possible to 
experience discomforts on a daily basis that many southerners would find 
intolerable.  It is a season that also brings a generous helping of colds, 
flus, and general aches and pains.  It is not unusual to feel unwell during 
the winter, especially at the age of 62.

    In February of this year my mother wasn't feeling well.  She began to 
experience chronic nausea, and a tenderness on one side of her abdomen.  
Mom had a history of gall bladder problems (with similar symptoms) and we 
assumed it was the same problem once again.  (I remember complaining that 
the darn thing hadn't been removed years ago.)  Dad convinced her to go see 
her doctor.

    An ultrasound examination in mid-March revealed gallstones, and an 
ominous "something else."  Mom's physician was going on vacation, but said 
he'd requisition a CT scan.  The hospital would call when they could take 
her.  (In Canada, it often takes weeks to obtain CT scans for non-emergency 
cases.)

    In the third week of March, I called 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                     (9)


up Ralph Whelan to see if Mom and Dad's suspension paperwork was ready for 
signing.  (I had sent in sign-up fees for both of them in December to get 
in under the old funding minimums.)  I explained that I was concerned about 
my mother's health, and that a gall bladder operation might be coming 
soon.  It seemed prudent to have the paperwork ready to go.

    In the meantime, Mom had become very sick.  By the end of March she 
suffered from unrelenting nausea and vomiting.  Her days were spent waiting 
by the telephone to be called in for her CT scan (which we found out later 
was never requisitioned!).  Her doctor was still on vacation.  The 
physician covering for him told her to go to the emergency department of 
his hospital.  She did, and was sent home with indigestion!  We returned 
the next day, and she was referred to a surgeon.  He admitted Mom to the 
hospital, and ordered complete upper and lower GI tract x-rays.

    Thursday, April 4, we knew the cause of the nausea.  A massive tumor 
had obstructed her stomach.  Surgery was scheduled for the following 
Monday.  I rushed over to the hospital, Alcor paperwork in hand.

    Of my two parents, Mom had always been the most receptive to cryonics.  
Through my years of involvement, her curiosity turned to fascination, which 
turned to halting agreement.  On several occasions during the preceding 
year she had said to both my father and me that she would "do it."

    There was only one big concern my mother had about cryonics.  Her life 
had not been easy.  She was sick most of her childhood, and her adulthood 
was spent working hard caring for a family of four.  She always said she 
didn't want to "suffer all over again."  I did my best to reassure her that 
if cryonics works, it could only work in a world where people lived very 
long, very healthy lives.

    Friday, April 5, Mom was allowed to spend a day at home before being 
readmitted for surgery.  On this day she became Alcor member A-1324.  It 
was also on this day that she met a person who would become very close to 
her in the months ahead:  my girlfriend, Deb.

    This particular weekend was the most difficult time of the whole crisis 
for me.  I was simultaneously stricken by grief, shock, and severe doubts 
that I could make cryonics happen here.  There were a thousand things to 
do, and a thousand obstacles to overcome.  Where would I begin?  I notified 
my local funeral director that his assistance might be required 
imminently.  I had several awkward phone conversations with Mom's doctors 
about cryonics.  I loaded 200 pounds of ice into our household freezer, and 
put 30 pounds in the trunk of my car with some ZipLoc bags.

    Sunday morning I went to the hospital to ask one more time if Mom 
really wanted cryonics, which Dad had doubts about.  Such was the depth of 
my own doubts, that part of me wished she wouldn't.  She did (but only 
after I assured her it wouldn't interfere with my exams!).

    Monday morning, April 8, a wonderful thing happened: I went to the 
Coroner's office.  Mom was having her surgery, and I knew if anything went 
wrong she would be in the clutches of the Provincial Medical Examiner.  I 
would have to explain cryonics to these people.  As it turned out, the 
investigator I met with (who I will call Denise) was the most understanding 
person imaginable.  She was very sympathetic to my predicament, and within 
minutes was making all sorts of phone calls on my behalf (to check details 
of air transport, etc.).  I stayed in regular contact with Denise in the 
months ahead, and she was a constant source of support.  Most importantly, 
she secured the cooperation of the Chief Medical Examiner himself in 
removing obstacles to Mom's suspension.

    Mom survived the surgery.  I met with the surgeon later that afternoon 
to discuss the details.  He successfully performed a stomach bypass to 
relieve the nausea, but the tumor was an "inoperable gastric carcinoma" 
with metastases to the liver, pancreas, and other organs.  He gave Mom six 
months to a year to live.  No treatment was possible.

    The outlook was poorer than we hoped for, but not entirely unexpected.  
I went ahead and wrote my exams while Mom recovered from surgery.

    The second week after surgery, Mom was still in the hospital, and some 
oncologists were brought in on the case.  They wanted to confirm the 
surgeon's diagnosis, but the surgeon had neglected to take a tumor sample 
for biopsy.  The next several weeks were wasted in pathetic, futile 
attempts to obtain biopsies by endoscopy and needle aspiration.  All the 
while suspicion was growing that Mom's cancer might be a treatable lymphoma 
rather than an untreatable carcinoma.

    This was an incredibly frustrating time.  Whenever a biopsy attempt 
failed, the next was scheduled a week later.  Yet if the cancer was a 
lymphoma, then every day of delay was decreasing the chances of successful 
treatment.

    As much as it was frustrating, it was also disillusioning.  Canada is 
full of propaganda about how great socialized medicine is, and how 
Canadians get the finest medical care "free."  Sure, there are long waiting 
lists, but these are mere inconveniences.  Nobody actually DIES on these 
waiting lists.  Yet this was precisely what was happening to my mother.

    It was now the beginning of May, and Alcor and I were struggling to get 
a Coordinator's Kit (including transport medications, a heart-lung 
resuscitator, and patient ice bath) into Canada.  The paperwork required to 
clear Canada Customs was a nightmare.  Each of hundreds of separate items 
had to be individually recorded and assigned the appropriate tariff codes.  
A commercial customs broker quoted me $2000.00 for clearing the shipment 
(which was a fancy way of saying he didn't want the job).  I ended up 
borrowing his coding book over a weekend and doing it all myself.  On May 
14th, after dozens of pages of paperwork, and outrageous duties and taxes, 
I finally brought the kit home. . . all 250 lbs of it.  Hurray!

    Mom was home now, still on a waiting list to see an oncologist, still 
not properly diagnosed or treated.  A CT scan showed the tumor now occupied 
one half of her abdomen.  Over the long weekend of May 20th, she became 
jaundiced.

    8:30am Tuesday morning, May 21, I marched into the provincial cancer 
center and demanded that she be seen by an oncologist IMMEDIATELY.  She 
was, and was admitted to the city's largest teaching hospital the same 
day.  This hospital declared the biopsy attempts of the previous hospital 
as totally inadequate, and scheduled Mom for surgery all over again for the 
sole purpose of obtaining a proper tumor sample.

    Meanwhile, the stress of the past few weeks had been taking its toll on 
me.  I became bedridden the day after taking Mom to the hospital, and by 
the weekend was hospitalized myself with a raging case of strep throat.  
That was the sickest I've ever been in my adult life, and I will never 
forget it.  I particularly remember the utter helplessness:  the dread that 
if anything happened to Mom, I couldn't lift a finger to help her.

    I was released the same day as Mom's surgery (Monday, May 27).  Sure 
enough, her cancer was a lymphoma.  It had been treatable all along, and we 
had lost two months of precious time.  A treatment plan 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (11)


was drawn up consisting of two weeks of radiotherapy concurrent with the 
start of six months of chemotherapy.  The oncologist gave a 40% chance of 
remission, and a 15% chance of cure.

    Now that I was getting well again, I continued with cryonics 
preparations.  I moved two big "H" cylinders of welding oxygen (to be used 
as medical oxygen) into the funeral home.  I also told Mom's new doctors 
about cryonics.  This time I did it in writing.  I added my own cover 
letter to Alcor's standard letter to hospitals.  I also enclosed signed 
copies of Mom's Consent for Cryonic Suspension and Authorization for 
Anatomical Donation, and a copy of Alcor's stabilization protocol.

    I slipped this big envelope under the door of Mother's surgeon, and it 
had amazing effects.  Within hours the information was passed to the 
oncologist, and the next day a meeting was set up with the hospital 
administration.  From this experience, I can definitely say written 
documentation (especially legal documentation) is worth a thousand spoken 
words.

    Friday, May 31, I met with the hospital president, a consulting 
physician, and Mother's oncologist.  The meeting took place in Mom's room 
on the oncology ward, with Mom feeling very sick and debilitated.  The 
oncologist explained to Mom that cryonics was not a service this hospital 
could provide.  I said that I understood that, and was most interested in 
access, not assistance.  If she became terminal, could Mom be promptly 
pronounced when cardiac arrest occurred?  I was told a doctor would come as 
soon as possible, but how soon would depend on the needs of patients 
elsewhere in the hospital.  Could we move her straight out of the hospital 
(bypassing the morgue)?  A nurse in the room mentioned she had seen this 
done before, so this was approved.  What about CPR and other stabilization 
measures?  No way.  The hospital president stated that an attorney had 
advised against allowing CPR because the hospital would be liable for 
anything done to a patient, living or dead, within its walls.  This seemed 
paradoxical to me.  Couldn't someone hold them liable for inflicting 
ischemic injury on a cryonics patient?

    I left the meeting disappointed about the CPR prohibition, but relieved 
that the hospital was being reasonably accommodating.

    Later that afternoon I visited Mom's surgeon.  He became quite 
distraught when I mentioned the CPR situation.  He said he didn't see how 
this thing could possibly work without CPR in the hospital.  I found myself 
consoling him with a mini-lecture on cerebral ischemia, and on how 
transport medications can prevent "no reflow."

    During the first week of June I attended Alcor's transport technician 
course.  This was a very well-organized presentation of the knowledge and 
skills needed for cryonics transport, with lots of "hands on" training.  It 
was very gratifying to learn the purpose and use of the myriad of drugs and 
devices in my transport kit.  I began to feel confident that I could now do 
much more than simply "pack the patient in ice" (which is all I could have 
done a few weeks earlier).

    Mom's therapy began at the same time as the course, and I called home 
daily to keep track of things.  Within three days her jaundice resolved.  
By the end of the week, her tumor was down to 1/4th its original size.

    It was the middle of June, and things were looking good.  The 
radiotherapy was finished, and the tumor had all but disappeared.  Mom 
received her second round of chemotherapy, and was sent home.

    Things did not go well at home.  The oral anti-nausea medication did 
not work as well as the IV, and she quickly became dehydrated and febrile.  
She was readmitted to hospital.  The decision was made to delay further 
chemotherapy until she recovered.

    Meanwhile, I had made the difficult decision to attend a scientific 
conference in San Francisco near the end of July.  Mom received her third 
dose of chemo on July 15, and was doing well.  Friday, July 19, the day Deb 
and I left for San Francisco, she looked great.

    Monday, July 22, a serious crisis developed.  Mom's gall bladder became 
infected due to sudden, severe immune suppression.  She was moved to the 
ICU, and scheduled for emergency surgery.  Deb and I were still in San 
Francisco.  I spent the afternoon glued to a convention center pay phone 
talking to doctors, funeral directors, and airlines.

    Surgery was attempted that evening.  It was aborted because of 
fulminating pulmonary edema.  They couldn't induce anesthesia.  If that 
wasn't enough, Mom also had pneumonia and septic shock.  The surgeon gave 
her 10 hours to live.

    Deb and I rushed back home on an overnight flight.  Mike Darwin made 
plans to leave in the morning... if she would last that long.  She did.  
She became stable enough for surgery to be performed the following 
afternoon.  Her gall bladder was successfully removed.

    We spent the day at the funeral home (across the street from the 
hospital) preparing for a suspension.  Mike Darwin arrived that evening, 
bringing with him a cooler full of Viaspan blood substitute and other 
assorted equipment.  (It took me most of the afternoon to obtain Customs 
clearance for these things.)

    Mom was doing surprisingly well.  No one had expected her to survive 
the previous night, let alone the surgery, but she did.  The next several 
days were spent fighting bacterial sepsis, and pneumonia with extremely low 
white counts.  Although she remained comatose, there was gradual 
improvement.

    Thursday, July 25, Alcor's patient transport box arrived by air 
freight.  The arrival of this useful item (far superior to sealer caskets 
for patient transport) left us well prepared for a suspension.

    Mom continued to glide along in critical, but stable condition.  Mike 
decided to leave Sunday morning, July 28.  Before he left, he gave me 
detailed instructions on how to perform a Viaspan flush, "just in case" I 
had to do it myself.

    By Monday the bacterial infection had cleared, but Mom still wasn't 
waking up.  It soon became apparent why.  The bacterial sepsis had been 
replaced by systemic candidiasis (a system-wide yeast infection).  Anti-
fungal drug therapy was started immediately, and her white blood cell count 
climbed as her immune system started to recover from chemotherapy.  This 
gave her a fighting chance.

    During most of her hospital stay, Mom's blood pressure had been too 
high.  Anti-hypertensives were necessary to keep it down.  Early Wednesday 
morning the problem reversed:  she had a hypotensive crisis, and 
neosynephrine (a pressor drug)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (12)


was necessary to boost her blood pressure.  This suggested the beginning of 
septic shock (a dangerous and often fatal consequence of systemic 
infections).

    The dose of neosynephrine required to maintain her blood pressure 
declined during the day on Wednesday, indicating improvement.  By evening 
the maintenance dose had started to rise again, and I called Mike Darwin 
and a physician-member of Alcor who had been following Mom's case.  Mike 
thought it very likely that cardiac arrest would occur within 24 hours.  
The physician spoke directly to the ICU nurse, and noted that all organ 
systems were working fine, and that blood pressure was the only problem.  
He thought mom might be able to pull out of it.

    The maintenance dose of neosynephrine rose all night, and Thursday 
morning I asked Mike Darwin and Keith Henson (who was in Detroit) to come 
out for a standby.  I also asked Deb back to Winnipeg (she was visiting her 
parents several hours away).  I moved everything I needed for Viaspan 
perfusion to the funeral home, everything I needed for transport (including 
the patient ice bath) into my dad's truck, and purchased 300lbs of small 
cube ice.  I stored the ice in Alcor's air transport box at the funeral 
home.

    By mid afternoon Thursday the blood pressure situation improved 
dramatically.  Also, for the first time since her surgery, Mom woke up!  
She was conscious and responsive, although she couldn't speak because of 
the endotracheal tube.  Her attending physician considered the hypotensive 
crisis over, and warned that a remote standby at this point could easily 
last two weeks.  I called off Keith Henson, and sent Mike (who was already 
enroute) back to Riverside.

    At 7:00 AM Friday, August 2, the hospital called.  Mom was having 
another hypotensive crisis.  This one was MAJOR.  She was no longer 
responding to neosynephrine.  To maintain her blood pressure they had to 
switch to the most powerful pressor known:  norepinephrine.  I knew then it 
was "game over."

    Deb and I went straight to the hospital and checked out the situation.  
Mom was stable for now, although definitely terminal within the next 24 
hours.  We decided to go back to my place (about 10 minutes away) and grab 
one or two more hours of rest.  It would be a long day.

    At about 10 AM, we advised Alcor of the situation, and headed back to 
the hospital.  Deb went in her own vehicle, and I stopped on the way to 
purchase a fresh 50 lb bag of ice.

    When I arrived at the ICU, the attending physician explained that all 
Mom's systems were failing, and normal procedure would be to discontinue 
medications and respirator support.  He was prepared to wait until I gave 
the word.  I asked him if he could hold her till midnight, as this would 
give enough time for Mike Darwin to come up.  He thought that he could.  
Mike decided to come.

    Around noon I requested, and was granted, permission to bring the Pizer 
tank (patient ice bath) into the ICU.  I described it as a "transport 
container."  Deb and I donned our white lab coats and brought the tank up 
from my dad's truck.  Discretely hidden inside the tank was a Brunswick 
HLR, portable oxygen, and that fresh bag of ice.  There was also a bag with 
various transport supplies, such as gloves, goggles, and end-tidal CO2 
detectors.

    Thinking that I still had 12 hours to play with, I returned home and 
spent the better part of the afternoon talking to customs brokers about 
paperwork for getting Mike's supplies across the border with him.  At 3:00 
PM, while I was on the phone with a broker, my pager went off.  It was the 
hospital.  They said mom was losing it, and could arrest at any time.  I 
immediately began drawing up first-line transport meds (the ones used to 
prevent warm ischemic injury).

    I got back to the hospital at 4:00 PM, and smuggled in all the meds in 
syringes ready to go.  I was told there was no way mom was going to last 
till midnight.  We were going to have to do the transport without Mike.  
After looking things over, I decided to run back down to the truck and draw 
up the nimodipine (a temperature-sensitive drug I was holding on ice until 
cardiac arrest was really imminent).  I came back up to the ICU and laid 
out all the med syringes in firing order on a bed of ice at the bottom of a 
small cooler.

    By this time, my friend Russ had appeared (I was leaving messages on 
his answering machine all day) and was prepared to lend a hand.

    At about 4:30 PM, I called the assisting funeral home and persuaded 
them to send a couple of staff and their transport vehicle to standby at 
the hospital.  The owner and another staff member appeared at about 5:00 
PM.  Things looked fairly stable, so we agreed they could go to the 
hospital cafeteria and grab some dinner.  If things went sour, we could 
summon them via their portable cell phone.

    We were essentially ready.  I decided to keep going with the 
medications and respirator support as long as we could.  The next plane we 
could use wouldn't leave Winnipeg until 6:00 AM the next morning, so every 
hour we could delay the transport would be one less hour of cold ischemic 
time.

    At about 6:00 PM Mike called from a very noisy airplane phone.  He 
couldn't hear me, but I could hear him.  He had been in contact with Alcor, 
and knew the situation.  He wished me luck.

    By 6:30 PM Mom's systolic pressure dropped below 50, and I became 
concerned about the adequacy of cerebral perfusion.  Her pupils were 
constricted and slightly responsive, which is good, but I wasn't going to 
push my luck any farther.  I requested that medications be discontinued.

    Meanwhile, the funeral directors had not come back from dinner.  They 
were nowhere to be found, their cell phone was not responding, and the 
nurses were already disconnecting I.V. lines!  This was the scariest moment 
of the transport for me.  After a few frantic minutes, Debbie finally 
located them in the ICU lounge.

    Mom arrested at 7:05 PM.  The respirator was disconnected and remaining 
I.V. lines and catheters were disconnected or clamped off.  I lifted her in 
my arms and placed her in the Pizer tank.  I cut open her hospital gown, 
and fastened the HLR thumper in place.  Russ and Deb spread 50 lbs of ice 
over her.  Yikes!  The thumper was positioned wrong.  I had to reposition 
the thumper and its straps with the tank already full of ice (not an easy 
task).

    The HLR was turned on.  (Everything happened so fast, I was surprised 
to learn later that 9 minutes had elapsed between cardiac arrest and 
starting the HLR.)  I started injecting transport medications, using code 
numbers to identify them as Deb took notes.  Nobody stopped me, so I 
injected almost all the first line meds right there on the floor of the 
ICU.  I was told later that the entire ICU staff were just standing there 
in a circle, paralyzed, with their mouths open.  Of course, I did not have 
official permission to do any of this stuff.

    We rolled out of the ICU with the Pizer tank covered, and HLR pumping 
away.  The security escort I requested was waiting at the elevator, holding 
it with a key (something that is only done for "code 99's" -- extreme 
medical emergencies).  The security people even helped lift the tank into 
the waiting van.

    We arrived at the funeral home a few 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (13)


minutes later.  We went down to the prep room, and set about the business 
of piling on more ice, installing temperature probes, and starting IV's.  
Russ set up his video camera in one corner of the room, and got the next 
four hours on tape.  Deb continued with her expert note taking.

    The first IV I started was tromethamine (THAM) to buffer against 
acidosis, which was probably severe after 30 minutes of HLR support. The 
solution was in an unvented glass bottle running into a central venous 
line.  To obtain good flow rates, pressure infusion was initiated by 
injecting air into the IV bottle.  IV mannitol was then piggy-backed onto 
the THAM line, and pressure infused manually.

    It was at this point that the most serious errors of the transport were 
made.  In my haste to accomplish various tasks, the pressurized THAM bottle 
was left running unattended several times.  In addition, it appeared on the 
video that not all IV lines were properly primed.  As a result, air 
embolism almost certainly occurred.  How much is unknown.  End-tidal CO2 
readings did drop from 5% to 2% shortly after I were started, although this 
could have been caused by pulmonary edema.

    Once IV's were up and running, I drew up and injected the 
methylprednisolone and chlorpromazine (to protect against cold ischemic 
injury).  Periodic injections of epinephrine and nimodipine were also 
administered to maintain blood pressure and prevent brain injury.

    During the second hour of the transport, severe, bluish swelling 
developed around Mom's eyes and eyelids.  This continued for an hour until 
we discovered the cause of the problem.  A strap was wrapped around her 
face to hold her endotracheal tube in place.  Her worsening edema had 
caused her face to swell within the strap, preventing return of venous 
blood.  The strap was cut, and the swelling stopped.  Fortunately, only 
superficial circulation (i.e., circulation to facial skin and muscle) was 
affected by this problem.

    The funeral directors working with us were just super guys.  One made 
flight arrangements and got us refreshments, while the other (who I will 
call John) performed all the surgery for femoral vessel access.

    When Mom's temperature reached 20�C, preparations were made for the 
Viaspan flush.  The HLR was turned off while John raised the femoral artery 
and vein.  Even with the HLR off, the wound quickly filled with blood.  
John marveled several times at the effectiveness of our procedures in 
preventing clotting.  Transport antibiotics were mixed with 7 litres of 
Viaspan in a sterile reservoir.

    Following cannulation of the femoral vessels, the Viaspan was perfused 
through an open circuit at about 100 mmHg pressure (achieved by placing the 
reservoir on a ladder 4 feet above the patient).  After 15 minutes of 
perfusion with the HLR still off, the HLR was turned back on for the last 5 
minutes of the perfusion.  With the HLR running, the cold Viaspan caused 
core temperatures to drop dramatically (several degrees).

    When Mike arrived at 11:30 PM it was all over.  We prepared Mom for air 
shipment, cleaned up, and went out for a meal before the plane left at 7:00 
AM, August 3.

    Thursday, August 8, a Catholic funeral service was held.  Mom's 
unsuspended cremated remains (returned by Alcor after her neurosuspension) 
were interred at a local cemetery.  Only our immediate family knew what 
really happened.

    Looking back, it's hard to believe any of it did happen.  For my mother 
to end up in cryonic suspension when she did (with so much still to look 
forward to) was a tragedy.  Yet I cannot help but marvel at how well 
everything went from a cryonics perspective.  There were so many things 
that could have gone wrong, but didn't.  There were so many things that 
went right.  Of all possible scenarios for a suspension, the one that 
finally unfolded was as close to ideal as I could have imagined.  Mother 
would have said the Good Lord was looking after her (and us).

    The time course of Mother's illness was particularly remarkable.  It 
was long enough to make physical and psychological preparations.  (By 
having time to prepare, and adjust, I was able to do far more than I ever 
thought myself capable of.)  Yet it was not long enough for her to suffer 
as much as most cancer patients do.  Nor did our family have to share in 
the pain and anxiety for too long.

    I also consider myself fortunate to have had the help and support of 
special people like my dad, Deb, Russ, the assisting funeral directors, and 
my friend at the Coroner's office.  Thanks also to the "physician member" 
of Alcor who offered so much support and advice.  You know who you are.

    Most of all, I am grateful that Alcor and its staff (particularly Mike 
Darwin) were there when Mom and I needed them.  The care Mother received 
(with the exception of my own errors) was first-rate, and a direct 
reflection of the sophistication and dedication of this organization to its 
members.  Thanks to Alcor, not only was Mother suspended, but suspended so 
well as to have (in my view) as good a chance as any other patient now in 
suspension.  This is more than I ever dreamed possible during that lonely 
weekend in April when the crisis began.

    Finally, I feel I owe a debt of gratitude to the institution and staff 
who cared for Mother (and I have sent them a letter to this effect).  
Although I was constantly frustrated by the snail-like pace of the Canadian 
health care system, their approach toward cryonics was certainly 
commendable.  Although individual attitudes varied, I never encountered any 
overt hostility.  I mostly sensed indifference, curiosity, and maybe even 
respect.

    I particularly remember one conversation with an ICU nurse.  It was 
late at night, and I asked what criteria would be used to pronounce legal 
death in this case.  She replied that cryonics was so new to them, they 
were kind of "looking to me for guidance(!)."

    The notes of the attending physician at the bottom of the ICU case 
summary perhaps sum things up best:

        She is not felt to have any ongoing risk of infection to other 
    individuals.  Case was reviewed and approved by Provincial 
    Medical Examiner for transfer.  The family are planning to 
    transfer her body to California for cryopreservation therapy.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (14)


Funding Your Suspension -- Another Viewpoint

by Paul Wakfer 

    This article concerns the methods by which cryonicists pay for their 
suspension and reanimation services.  It is not concerned with the amounts 
which any cryonics organizations charge for those services, unless those 
amounts are inextricably tied to a method of payment.  It is, essentially, 
a polemic against insurance and service contracts.

    Let me state, right off, that it is not my intention to inspire 
feelings of guilt in those whose monetary situation is such that if they 
did not fund their suspension with life insurance they could not be signed 
up to have one.  If I was in that situation, as strongly I as feel in my 
principled opposition to insurance, I would still use it because my life 
comes ahead of most principles.  This is a case where (I believe because of 
the small size of the cryonics movement) the market has failed to provide 
an alternative.  Such an alternative funding method is outlined below.

    After being bothered by the insurance concept most of my life, about 10 
years ago I became convinced that all forms of insurance are essentially 
forms of gambling.  (If you believe that buying lottery tickets promotes 
your life, you should probably skip the rest of this article.  I recommend 
the works of Ayn Rand to help you see otherwise.)  Just as with buying 
lottery tickets, gambling in Las Vegas or betting on the horses, buying 
insurance, intrinsically, does not promote one's life.  (The only exception 
is where you are gambling, or betting the horses to get value from the 
activity and not because you desire the unearned.  By unearned, I mean you 
have produced nothing which a trade on the free market proves to be of 
value.  How much time and effort you have put into your gambling is 
irrelevant.  Furthermore, this enjoyment gained from the activity must be 
of higher value than that of the money lost.)

    I will use life insurance for illustration of my thesis since it is the 
type of insurance relevant to cryonics, but the same arguments apply to all 
forms of insurance.  Life insurance costs are determined by current age, 
the actuarial tables of life expectancy and (for the better insurance 
companies) an adjustment of those table values by a rough assessment of 
current health.  (I do not know if any insurers continue to adjust the 
actuarial age and premiums periodically in accord with new health 
assessments.)  Let us call the age at which the insurance company predicts 
(bets) your death will occur, your actuarial age.  What you have paid to 
the insurer, by the time you reach your actuarial age, is, with many years 
of compounded interest added in, the face value of the policy, plus agent's 
commission, and the insurer's administration and profit costs.  (I do not 
know the usual proportion of these costs to the policy value.)


The Argument Against Insurance

    If you die (or hopefully become suspended) after your actuarial age, 
then you obviously lose because you have paid more to the life insurance 
company than was necessary -- you would have been ahead of the game by 
prudent investment of the premiums and you would have avoided paying their 
costs.  However, I maintain that even if you die (or become suspended) 
prior to the actuarial age, then you still lose.  Since you have not paid 
enough money to pay for the death benefit, the best that can be said is 
that you are benefiting through the charity of others -- the other clients 
of the insurance company.  Worse, you may be benefiting by their 
irrationality, their gullibility, or even their being defrauded.  Worse 
still, is that you may die at that in-between age, where you actually have 
paid enough money -- with your own prudent investment capabilities -- to 
cover the insurances company's death benefit, but have not paid enough to 
cover their overhead and profit costs.  Other clients are, in effect, 
paying for these.  As with gambling, either your methods are bad and you 
lose money or you have a good method and are counting on the stupidity of 
others to provide your winnings.  In games-theory terms, I believe a 
rational person will always avoid zero- or negative-sum games.

    From the moral standpoint of wishing to promote my life only by means 
of my own efforts and through relationships of mutually advantageous value 
exchange, whether I deanimate early or late, the act of using insurance is 
wrong.


Service Contracts

    In particular, I address the recent Alcor proposal and questionnaire 
concerning Remote Standby Service Contracts.  Such a contract is really not 
much different than life insurance where the amount of the benefit is the 
true cost of Remote Standby when and if it takes place.  However, while 
there is always some element of chance concerning when your life will end 
(for immortalists substitute 'deanimation will occur'), it is also -- more 
and more as time goes on -- something over which you have a lot of control.

    For Remote Standby Service, especially, I feel that a service contract 
approach is wrong because the suspension client has a lot of control over 
the extent to which he will need Remote Standby.  Does Alcor really want to 
charge the same amount to those hypochondriacs who call them in every time 
they miss a heart beat or forget to breathe, as to the sane and rational 
client who only calls Alcor when he knows he is near death, or even better 
still relocates himself to be near to Alcor?  Do I, as a subscriber to the 
service, want to pay for the abusers?

    In my very successful microcomputer business, both hardware and 
software, sales and services, I have always successfully discouraged 
service contracts, although I have many times been asked to provide them.  
(We act as 'the computer department' to several growing medium-sized 
businesses).  My service charges always have been and always will be on a 
basis of time, materials, and bonus.  My customers, while questioning at 
the beginning, have soon become completely satisfied with this method.


Remote Standby Service Financing Proposal 

    I suggest that this could be financed by subscribers somewhat as 
follows:  (the actual dollar values proposed are really just guesses on my 
part)

    1) $500.00 up front towards the purchase 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (15)


    of equipment to allow this service to be made available, 

    2) a yearly fee of $50.00 for maintenance and replace cost of this 
    equipment, 

    3) the actual cost of time, materials, transportation and bonus at 
    the time the service is given, including any false alarms.

    With respect to recovery of this cost, the false alarms can be 
immediately paid since the person is still alive. To pay for the final 
service, a reasonable maximum estimate of its cost should be added to the 
suspension funding requirement.  Any unused portion to be added to the long 
term care funding or returned to the estate as specified.


Alternative Suspension Funding Proposal

    My proposed alternative funding method began to evolve when 6 months 
ago, I prepaid my neuro-suspension by depositing the money in a trust 
account administered by Alcor.  Actually doing this caused the mental 
wheels to start turning and the arrangement to be described next was born.  
This is first proposed as an arrangement with and for Alcor.   If it 
catches on other cryonics organizations might be able to be included.

    1) I, Paul Wakfer, hereinafter called the guarantor, am willing to  
    enter into a contract with any individual (who satisfies the  
    requirements set out below), hereafter called the prepayee, to assure 
    that their suspension will be funded.

    2) To assure such suspension, the guarantor will maintain in an Alcor 
    trust fund, hereafter called the prepayment trust, the Alcor fee for 
    one whole-body suspension.  In addition, for every 50 or fewer whole- 
    body prepayees the fund will be increased by the cost of the 
    preparation part for one whole-body suspension and for every 50 or 
    fewer neuro prepayees, the preparation cost for one neuro.  These 
    deposits will be updated to current Alcor costs whenever these 
    change.  (However, no addition will likely be necessary, since the 
    prepayment trust is an interest-bearing deposit accumulating in value 
    at least as fast as the suspension fee, which is increasing 
    (hopefully)at most at the inflation rate.)

    3) Alcor will accept this trust as prepaid funding for all prepayees 
    except as specified in 5).

    4) When a prepayee is suspended, the entire suspension cost (both  
    preparation and long-term care) will be removed from the prepayment 
    trust by Alcor and assigned to the Patient Care Fund.  Any 
    overpayment to the guarantor by the prepayee as calculated at the 
    time of his suspension will continue to accumulate interest until 
    repaid as previously specified by the prepayee.  Repayment options 
    may be any or all of the following:

        a) be used to fund the suspensions of others.

        b) be available for emergency use for prepayee's long-term care.

        c) be available for use in prepayee's revival.

        d) be repaid to the prepayee upon his/her successful resuscitation.
        Any underpayment to the guarantor by the prepayee will continue to 
        accumulate interest until repaid by the prepayee after revival, but
        will be decreased by any amounts paid on his/her behalf after 
        suspension.

    5) The guarantor will replace the suspension costs removed from the 
    Fund within three months of a prepayee's suspension and Alcor will only 
    remove the preparation cost for any other prepayee suspensions which 
    occur during that time.  If the fund becomes depleted -- contains less 
    than one preparation cost, the guarantor has 10 days to reimburse the 
    fund before all prepayee suspension contracts become void.

    6) Those wishing to enroll in this plan must apply to the guarantor 
    for acceptance and provide a completed application form which should 
    contain at least the following:

        a) A statement of net worth -- all assets and liabilities.

        b) Detailed current and history of health, results of biomarkers of
        aging tests, and health history and causes of/age at death of any 
        deceased parents or grandparents.

        c) A proposal detailing how the guarantor will be reimbursed should
        suspension be necessary.

        Also there will be an entry fee of 1/50th of the current Alcor cost
        of the preparation part of the applicant's suspension type.

    7) The guarantor -- also a prepayee -- will undertake to find others 
    willing to carry on these contractual arrangements in the event of 
    his suspension or if for any other reason he is unable to do so.  If 
    he cannot arrange for the perpetuation of the contracts, all moneys 
    received plus accumulated interest from unsuspended prepayees will be 
    returned, and any overpayment plus accumulated interest by suspended 
    prepayees will be paid to the recipient of their choice.

    8) Interest rates shall be determined by a central bank standard rate 
    (In Canada, the standard has become the Bank of Canada prime rate, set 
    every Thursday).  The interest applied to moneys owed to the 
    guarantor by prepayees shall be prime plus one percent and on moneys 
    owed to prepayees by the guarantor shall be prime minus one percent.
    All interest shall be compounded, and rates adjusted, quarterly.


Questions;  and Answers 

    Q. Is the guarantor not, in effect, just acting like an unregistered 
    insurance company?
    A. From one point of view, yes, but from the fundamental point of 
    view taken above, no, since everyone (except for those who have 
    underpaid and cannot be revived) will ultimately pay no more nor less 
    than their actual costs of suspension.

    Q. How does this help a person with no assets?
    A. Very few persons who want to be immortal and know about cryonics 
    are likely to be totally without assets or benefactors.  However, the 
    guarantor could accept a limited number of such (more if others 
    become co-guarantors), if it was reasonably clear that they had the 
    potential and the integrity to repay their debt after revival.  A 
    more likely situation is that a young and assetless person would gain 
    assets and/or pay the guarantor by installments as he grew older and 
    gained greater income earning ability.  After all none of us wants to 
    be suspended and for most of us it will not happen for many years, if 
    at all.  It is a life-net under us, just in case.

    Q. What's in it for the guarantor?
    A. The guarantor is aiding the conservation of his life by promoting 
    the growth of cryonics.  There is profit potential, in the 2 percent 
    interest rate differential between loans and deposits.

    Q. How many can be funded by this plan?
    A. How many can be reliably funded in this way is not easy to 
    determine.  Clearly, at the one extreme, if only persons with no 
    assets joined the plan and their reimbursement method was to repay 
    everything only after revival, in effect, the guarantor is totally 
    paying for their suspension out of his limited personal funds.  At 
    the other extreme, any one who has the funds to prepay his suspension 
    and does not believe 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (16)


    that taking part in such a plan increases his chances of revival should
    give the money directly to an Alcor trust.  However, the guarantor is 
    counting on the multitude of immortalists whose financial position and 
    desire to promote cryonics lies between these extremes and he will 
    select such applicants accordingly.  I would expect that in practice 
    some will simply be paying for their suspensions by the installment 
    method, much as they are doing now with life insurance, but with lower 
    premiums.  Some will decide that they can best use the money for 
    themselves now and pay more to the plan later.  Others will pledge 
    tangible assets which will need to be liquidated by the guarantor after
    they are suspended.  The major points of this plan are:

    1) increased flexibility of suspension funding methods,

    2) extension of loans and deposits from before suspension until 
    after revival, 

    3) inflation-proof funding.

    Q. What are the benefits to the prepayees?
    A. The current funding methods are quite properly rigid.  Alcor must 
    be assured of timely collection of its costs or the lives of all 
    current and future suspendees are at risk.  However, a separate 
    agency may take on these cost collection uncertainties without risk 
    to any suspension patients.  From this point of view, this plan will:

    1) be able to accept a variety of reimbursement proposals.

    2) as opposed to insurance companies, take the current and future 
    health of the individual into account.

    3) as opposed to insurance companies, because of the small informal 
    nature of the operation, incur low overhead and, in effect, have 
    low "premiums."

    4) make it easier for those who have fixed insurance amounts which 
    are, or become in time, less than Alcor current suspension costs 
    and requirements.

    5) Make it easier for some to become signed up suspension members 
    now instead of later.

    Q. Why should Alcor being willing to agree to this?
    A. It may be easier to sign-up suspension members because the 
    guarantor is accepting the uncertainties of the various payment 
    arrangements, where Alcor must necessarily impose rigid funding 
    requirements.  Alcor can accept 5) because they only need immediate 
    reimbursement for the preparation part of the suspension cost.

    Q. What guaranty is there that the guarantor will make good on his 
    responsibilities?
    A. Integrity, consistency, and commitment to principle have been the 
    hallmarks of the guarantor's life.  Testimonials to this effect can 
    be provided.  Other co-guarantors may make this trust more 
    acceptable.


The Big Apple Bites Back
Or, "Brenda's New York Diary"

by Brenda Peters

ACHIEVEMENTS OF ALCOR NEW YORK MEMBERS

2 members with State EMT Certification
2 members Alcor Transport Technician Certified
1 member with Advanced EMT training
1 member taking EMT Certification Course
Own library of EMT video training tapes
Buying own Stabilization Transport Kit
Largest turnout of an Alcor Membership Meeting in history
Fastest growing area of the U.S. in terms of Alcor membership
Established Bank Account
Established Membership Dues
Initiated Local Fund Raising Efforts
Most successful recruitment drive in Alcor history
Purchased Alcor Slideshow/Lecture
Produced new version of Slideshow/Lecture
Established rapport with 2 local morticians
Pursuing a dialogue with Chief Medical Examiner of New York
Established secure location for equipment and training sessions
Sponsored Local Training Session 1989
Established rapport with other remote Alcor groups
Holding monthly meetings
Sending out monthly meeting minutes
Sending out monthly meeting announcements
Established electronic cryonics mailing list "Cryonet"
Advisory Book for Local Members in production
Responsible for Dr. Gregory Fahy's talk at American Aging Association
Exhibit at I-Con 1991 Conference, S.U.N.Y. at Stony Brook
Presentation of slideshow/lecture at I-Con
Initiated Charter Agreement for remote Alcor Transport
    and Stabilization Groups
Purchased Pizer Tank
Instrumental in Dr. Gregory Fahy's article appearing
    in Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (17)


    ". . . what if you are involved in an accident, or some other emergency 
situation?. . . (and) Alcor is 3000 miles away.  Alcor technicians giving 
instructions over the phone is not my idea of an optimum rescue situation 
and I'm sure it's not yours either.  It is for that very reason that we 
must not rest. . . until we know that if we become victims of an emergency 
situation, we have highly skilled Alcor technicians who are local to our 
area, who are on call at all times, and who have the finest equipment 
possible in order to help us."

    The above quote is from a fund-raising letter I sent out recently.  
After 15 years of Los Angeles living and 8 years of being Alcor active, I 
moved, with some apprehension, to New York City in June 1990.  Since I was 
relocating anyway, my hope was that the presence of a Board member in New 
York would prove to be useful for growth and activity.

    The subsequent events are something I never could have predicted.  As I 
sit down and put fingertip to keyboard, I reflect upon my 15 months here in 
the wilds of New York.


Let's Get Physical

    The New York Discussion Group provided information dissemination and a 
forum for discussion.  Kevin Brown had even established the successful 
electronic cryonics mailing list, referred to as "Cryonet."  Attendance had 
been steady at the Manhattan meetings for over a year and the group had 
flown Mike Darwin out to conduct a training session.  But I found the 
meetings, like the group's title (The New York Cryonics Discussion Group of 
Alcor Life Extension Foundation) to be lengthy and disappointingly 
unproductive.  I could see that there was dedication, all the best 
intentions, and some genuine enthusiasm.  Unfortunately, little of this had 
translated into usable skills and tangible results.  If I were in a fatal 
accident, I wasn't sure I'd be taken care of in the manner I had come to 
expect.

    As far as I could see, there were no activities to attend or 
participate in and no well focused goals.  In reading their minutes of the 
previous year I saw the phrase "we need to. . ." or "somebody needs to. . 
." in virtually every paragraph.  Unfortunately, we still needed to. . . . 
just about everything.  Only two people had put forth real effort to 
respond should there be a local member who needed help.  I feel these 
efforts were extraordinary considering the malaise which had set in.

    Those two people were Gerry Arthus, the New York Coordinator, who had 
completed his State EMT Certification course when I arrived, and Curtis 
Henderson, who completed his State Advanced EMT Certification course a few 
months later.

    I couldn't understand why so few people showed up at the meetings 
here.  There was a healthy mailing list which attested to the fact that at 
some time or other at least 80 different people had made an appearance.  
Where were they now?  What I saw appeared to be cryonics burnout, and 
understandably so.  The people here who did attend meetings had been 
struggling for too long without sufficient encouragement and support.  They 
had become disheartened and distracted.  It reminded me of the French 
Foreign Legion.  I felt like I'd been sent by the Mother Country and found 
myself entering the inner sanctum of the loyal inhabitants of some remote 
outpost who were struggling valiantly to survive.

    But we had a foundation upon which to build.  Alcor Southern California 
had supplied the essentials as far as equipment was concerned and we had 
two members getting a good basic knowledge of emergency response 
techniques.  It was a start and it gave me no end of encouragement.  
Everyone agreed we needed action.  And I knew it would take a lot of action 
before I would feel safe so far away from Alcor and home.

    We agreed that saving our lives was our number one priority.  That 
became our "mission statement."  As soon as we had a central mission, all 
the priorities fell into place.  We needed to accomplish several things:  
have more people EMT- and Alcor-trained, get better equipment, conduct 
ongoing training sessions, encourage more people to come to our meetings, 
and motivate them to get involved.

    To those ends we decided to try something special and sent out a 
personal invitation to the New York mailing list for a barbecue to be held 
on August 18, 1990 at the Long Island home of Gerry Arthus and his wife, 
Huiying Wei.  At this meeting we would examine and discuss the emergency 
stabilization equipment which we currently had on hand and attempt to get 
volunteers to attend training sessions and to be part of our emergency 
response team.

    Gerry provided maps, and I designed an invitation and sent them out to 
our mystery mailing list.  I also sat down and called all 80 of them.  (I 
called one of the people on the list and was told he was dead.  I took him 
off the list.)  Huiying was providing the feast, and it was with great 
expectations that Courtney Smith and I boarded the train to Long Island.  
The same 9 people came to the barbecue that had been coming to meetings in 
the Manhattan.  There was a lot of food left over.  We took pictures and 
sent some to the Editor of Cryonics.  I hoped that if one got in the 
magazine, it might improve attendance at our meetings.  Nothing appeared in 
Cryonics magazine.  I know it wasn't a very exciting event, but it was all 
we had.

** PHOTO SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"Gerry Arthus, Curtis Henderson, and 'Miss Icecapades 1992.'"

**
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (18)


** PHOTO SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"Let me at 'em!"

**

The Lady Laments

    We were at a disadvantage.  We had no paid staff members, no great digs 
for meetings, no events or social functions like Southern California, and 
we were all so spread out.  It's quite a hike for a lot of the people who 
come to the meetings -- in some cases not such a great distance, but very 
time consuming because of traffic bottlenecks, bridges, tunnels, trains, 
subways, and never-ending road construction.  In short, one needs to be 
motivated to show up.  And not the least of our problems is that it's 
completely volunteer with little apparent payback, but somehow we had to 
find ways to get more people involved.  Our (and their) lives depended on 
it.

    Meetings were held on the third Saturday of the month.  Who wants to 
give up their Saturday night for a cryonics meeting?! Several of us began 
lobbying for a Sunday afternoon meeting.  (I was told others had tried and 
failed.) The location of the monthly discussion meetings is a tall skinny 
building full of dance studios.  We sign in, then climb two, three, 
sometimes four flights of stairs to get to the room they have assigned us.  
We rent the room for 2 hours, setting up our own chairs and tables.  
There's an exercise bar on one wall and a floor to ceiling mirror across 
the opposite wall.  It's just a room with little to recommend it, other 
than the fact that it's clean.

    Clean never impressed me before I came to New York.  But then, large 
rooms and parking spaces never impressed me before, either.  So, we climb 
up to this large clean room with no plants, no refreshments allowed, but 
lots of light and a big clock to remind us that we should be careful not to 
go over our allotted time since it's $12 per hour.  We take up a collection 
to cover the cost of the room at each meeting.

    Having Alcor meetings at my house was one of my favorite things to do 
back in Los Angeles.  I provided food and drinks and meetings would often 
last well into the PM.  I really looked forward to their festive, 
informative nature.  I really regret that I don't have enough room to do 
that here.  Until we find members in the New York area who are willing to 
host meetings like Los Angeles and northern California, I feel that we are 
at a great disadvantage.  Once we find more hospitable locations, I'm sure 
attendance will improve.  Maybe the "unknown 80" (now 79) would be 
motivated to show up if they knew they'd have a comfortable location, 
refreshments, and lots of interesting folks to chat with.  At the moment we 
have two members in Long Island who have offered to host meetings.  But we 
really can't switch until we have offers from people in Manhattan who are 
also willing to host a meeting once every few months.  We need a minimum of 
three locations and preferably four or more.


From Donuts to Dollars

    I was dismayed to discover that the New York group apparently owed 
Alcor $1200 and no efforts had been put forth to honor the debt.  The $1200 
was for equipment and expenses related to a training session which we were 
fortunate enough to have Mike Darwin conduct here in July of '89.  I 
noticed in the New York minutes of June '89 that Alcor NY was to pay for 
his plane fare and would do so in August of '89.  It seems that subsequent 
to that, the New York group had been told to wait for an invoice from 
Alcor, but no bill had been forthcoming, until October '90 for $1200!  
There are still disagreements as to who owes how much, to whom, and for 
what.  I suspect lack of communication and misunderstandings were at work.  
Be that as it may, members of the New York group have now put a 
considerable dent in the $1200 (and are even paying interest on it -- an 
administrative decision we found out about when we got a recent update on 
the balance.)

    I attended the 1990 European Cryonics Conference in October and, 
shortly after my return, we had our November meeting.  The $1200 was going 
to be a challenge to our progress and it had been disheartening to discover 
its existence, but since everyone else's morale was so high, I didn't 
wallow in a mire for very long.  Fifteen people came to that meeting (a 50% 
improvement in attendance)! We decided to have more formal agendas at the 
meetings, which would be more conducive to action.  We also decided to 
purchase Steve Bridge's wonderful Alcor/cryonics slideshow/lecture for 
special events.  People donated the $200 on the spot to purchase the 
slideshow.  It was a good indicator of renewed commitment.

    We were planning for upcoming events, gathering ideas for advertising, 
and getting information on a possible seminar at continuing education 
schools.  Alvin Steinberg, in an outreach effort to scientists regarding 
cryonics and nanotechnology, was writing to his congressman, Dr. Linus 
Pauling, and others.  Alvin's efforts, including replies he received from 
Dr. Pauling and the National Institute of Health resulted in Dr. Gregory 
Fahy's article in the Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine and Dr. Fahy's 
presentation at the American Aging Association.

    The New York Group had made some very good decisions regarding 
officers.  Janet Pinkney (a writer and researcher at heart) had been 
appointed Secretary.  Janet is relentless when it comes to getting the 
data.  She's not shy about asking for clarification and always has a tape 
recorder 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (19)


going as a backup.  Kevin Brown became Treasurer and does a stellar job, 
another one for clarity, he's also frugal and diplomatic.  We're very 
fortunate to have them.

    Alcor received a letter, as a result of Gerry Arthus' conversations 
with one of the co-ordinators of the I-Con Science Fiction Conference which 
would be held at Stony Brook University on Long Island in April, 1991.  
David Pizer had directed the letter to me.  I-Con wanted an Alcor booth.  
In spite of my less than wonderful experiences at science fiction 
conferences in the past, I was willing to give it a try.  So the New York 
group made plans to "work" the conference in April.

    Courtney and I went to California in late December and spent time 
discussing the situation in New York with Alcor staffers and other 
members.  As I'm sure most remote groups do, we lamented a slow rate of 
progress and isolation syndrome but received encouragement and advice.  We 
also got Courtney signed up as Alcor's 200th member and his paperwork was 
witnessed by Fred and Linda Chamberlain (Alcor's founders).  We received 
word that the December meeting had been well attended in our absence, (11 
people, even without us and only a few days before xmas/winter solstice -- 
it was a very good sign), a new meeting time (Sundays at 2PM) had been 
successfully voted in (even without our votes!), Membership dues were 
established at the meeting, people had begun to generously contribute 
toward the $1200 debt, the New York group was opening its own bank account, 
people had already begun paying their yearly dues ($25),  Kevin sent off 
the first payments to Alcor for the $1200, he mailed a check to Steve 
Bridge, and the slide show was on its way.  So, we returned to New York 
with renewed enthusiasm and determination.


The Curtain Rises or Curtains for Us?

    I was elected to give the slide show.  It arrived in time for the 
January meeting, so I presented it just as Steve had sent it.  One woman 
walked out when I was about 3/4 of the way through.  I don't attribute this 
to the slides or the text, just to the fact that I was just reading it.  I 
asked for suggestions and got many.  I went home and for the next six weeks 
worked on a complete rewrite to more suit my own style and to highlight 
recent developments in cryonics and nanotechnology.  I also produced about 
75 new slides.  Ultimately, I redesigned it and personalized it so that I 
was more comfortable presenting it.  We had requested and received from 
Alcor a list of necessary medical equipment to augment what we had.  We had 
increased the amount of yearly dues to $50 to better facilitate the 
acquisition of equipment.  We changed the name of the group to Alcor New 
York to indicate our new commitment to more action, less talk.  In general 
the meetings were more interesting and more productive.  We were walking to 
nearby restaurants for dinner afterwards, now that our meetings had been 
changed to Sunday afternoons, and this made it easier for people to get to 
know one another and to talk shop.  We had made some efforts to get on 
local Cable TV, but with no luck yet.  By now, Curtis, Gerry, and Janet had 
been coming into the City to routinely meet with Courtney and I, between 
regular meetings, to discuss strategies and improvements in everything from 
meeting formats to equipment needs.  There was productivity and spirits 
were high.

    We were going to have a Membership Drive meeting in March 1991.  Saul 
Kent, Ralph Whelan, JoAnn Martin, and Tanya Jones were to fly out to attend 
the meeting.  We were thrilled that we would have some support from our 
friends in California.  It was decided that I would present the 
slideshow/lecture.  Alcor New York would spring for an ad in the Village 
Voice ($100) on two consecutive weeks prior to the Membership Meeting, 
offering a free slideshow/lecture and refreshments.  We looked for an 
alternative meeting place.  As it turned out, within our price range, none 
were as good as what we had.  So we reserved a larger room at the dance 
studio, asked for and received special permission to serve refreshments, 
and were ready for action.

    One day early in February, we got a fax from Mike Darwin informing us 
that he had made a decision to pull all the stabilization equipment from 
New York.  I couldn't believe it.  Courtney and I were stunned.  Gerry, 
Kevin, and Janet were dismayed and deeply disappointed.  We had been 
reassured by Mike and other staffers, while in California only weeks 
before, that Alcor supported the New York group and what we were trying to 
do.  It was clear that Mike was disappointed (we all were, especially the 
people who had been pulling for years to make things happen here) in the 
progress toward an emergency response capability in the northeast.  
Progress is never fast enough for cryonicists, that's an integral part of 
our nature.

    Just as impatience is part of our nature, so is determination.  We 
weren't going to take this lying down.  We couldn't. . . our lives might 
depend upon it.  We insisted upon a vote by the entire Board on this 
issue.  They were uninformed as to the situation and progress that was 
taking place in New York.  At a special Board meeting which I attended by 
"conference call", once the facts were presented, it was decided that the 
equipment would be left in New York.

** PHOTO SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"Is this a test?"

**
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (20)


** PHOTO SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"Left to right:  Alvin Steinberg, Kevin Brown, Steven Berger, Stanley 
Gerber."

**

    In the past, New York members had suggested charters for remote 
groups.  So at that same meeting the Board agreed that charters would be 
drafted in the next few weeks to outline guidelines and standards for 
remote groups with equipment.  This seemed to satisfy everyone.

    The Membership Meeting was approaching.  I was given a budget for 
refreshments and Courtney and I bought the food the day before, carried it 
home in two trips, then taxied it up to the dance studio next day.  For 
this meeting we were paying $26 an hour for their largest room.  Our ad had 
been appearing in the Village Voice.  The Life Extension Foundation sent 
out fliers with their monthly report to Life Extension members in the area, 
and Janet made an announcement in her monthly invitation which goes to the 
79 mysterious people who never show up.  We were ready as far as food was 
concerned, nervous as far as the slide show and lecture was concerned, and 
excited at the prospect of getting some new members.

    A business meeting was scheduled for 4PM and the "event" for 5PM on 
March 17th.  By 3:30 we had run out of chairs.  There were over 60 people 
trying to squeeze into the room.  I was smiling all over.  We dispensed 
with the business meeting and proceeded with the "event."  I believe we had 
a bigger turnout than any cryonics membership meeting in the history of 
cryonics, even bigger than some of the conferences.

    After our stunningly successful membership meeting, I was handed a copy 
of the new issue of Cryonics Magazine, in which it was announced that we 
"represented a potential liability" and that "very, very few people from 
(our) region were willing to get their hands dirty."  The "N.Y. Transport 
Capability Withdrawn" headline was a heartbreak to say the least.  We all 
felt. . . it's difficult to express what we felt.  We will never know how 
many people had read those words and decided that they made the right 
decision when they did not attend our meetings and did not get involved.

    I told myself that it must have gone to press before the special 
February meeting of the Board.  Even at that, it was in my opinion 
presumptuous and premature.  But I decided not to worry, because at the 
very least, there would be a correction in the next issue of the magazine.  
Wrong.  A few days later I asked Mike Darwin if there was a retraction in 
the April issue.  I was told that there was not a retraction.  Mike said 
there had not been room because of more pressing news.  I've examined the 
next issue and I can only surmise that advising Alcor Members of the holdup 
in the release of the movie Late For Dinner, or the large blank spaces on 
pages 5, 11, 16,  23, and 24 were considered to be more pressing news.  
Pulling the stabilization equipment was newsworthy but keeping east coast 
members informed and the correction of a serious error was not?  It was May 
before one tiny paragraph appeared in Cryonics (which by the way would have 
fit into any of the aforementioned blank spaces) stating that the New York 
group would retain the "kit."

    Two or three of us had communicated by phone and fax to Alcor the new 
dates and times of our meetings voted on in December of 1990.  It was March 
and Cryonics was still printing incorrect information.  It was not until 
the April issue that the errors were corrected.

    In future I will know (as I would advise everyone) that anything 
regarding the content of Cryonics should go directly to Ralph Whelan, the 
editor.  This will save time and reduce errors.  I know of at least one 
woman who showed up for a nonexistent meeting because of the erroneous 
information in the magazine.  She even called Alcor and was given the 
incorrect information over the phone.

    To our delight Ralph Whelan suggested that since there were so many 
sign-ups during the Membership Drive that perhaps we could be reimbursed 
for our expenses for the meeting.  A few weeks later we were indeed 
reimbursed $350 and it was a refreshing vote of confidence to receive the 
support from Alcor.


Roads are Made By Walking

    I-Con was fast approaching and their staff was frantic.  Gerry and I 
arranged (after numerous calls from me and personal visits from him) to 
have a manned (or womanned) booth for the two days of the conference.  We 
arranged to have a TV monitor and for me to do the slideshow/lecture in one 
of their lecture halls.  Bill Seidel and Ralph Whelan generously provided 
us with materials to hand out and a tape for the TV monitor.  I also made 
up new versions of previous conference handouts.  We got thirteen new names 
for our mailing list, almost all solid scientific types.

    Kevin Brown manned the booth while I presented the slideshow/lecture, 
with Gerry officiating questions and answers.  At least 35 people attended 
my slideshow in its entirety, with others wandering in and out.  Science 
fiction author Larry Niven attended.  He said that "of course a science 
fiction writer has faced these questions before, if only in his own head.  
My peers have been mining the implications of longevity/immortality for. . 
. well, my lifetime anyway."  Overall it was fruitful and well worth doing.

    Courtney and I attended the Alcor Southern California meeting in early 
May where Coordinator Kit Status was discussed again.  Mike Darwin 
announced that he was still looking for someone in New York who was 
"reachable and accountable" to store the equipment.  I thought we were, 
even without a paid staff.  I, on the other hand, was proud of our progress 
and 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (21)


discussed it with numerous people on an individual basis.

    It was also in May that we were told we could purchase the Pizer Tank 
at near cost plus shipping, so New York sent a check to Alcor and received 
the Pizer Tank shortly thereafter.  Courtney and I transported one portion 
of the Tank from California to New York with our luggage and Curtis and 
Gerry picked it up on their next visit to Manhattan.  We continue to make 
payments against the balance.

    In mid May I did a BBC interview for "Women's Hour" and played the tape 
at the May Alcor New York meeting.

    There was going to be an Alcor Transport training session in California 
in June and Gerry and Curtis attended the class at their own expense.  The 
week long course was a huge success.  Everyone was enthusiastic.  Gerry and 
Curtis returned to New York as Alcor Certified Trained Transport 
Technicians.  They expressed their delight at the thoroughness of the 
course and at the impressive job Mike Darwin and Jerry Leaf and the 
attending physician had done.  New York is fortunate to have two EMT- and 
Alcor-trained techs.  Soon after that, Curtis donated a set of Video 
Instructional Tapes for EMT which would help in our training sessions.

    At the June meeting, we decided to initiate additional fund raising 
efforts to upgrade the field equipment and purchase training apparatus to 
train new people for peripheral tasks and to maintain current skills.  
Three additional members have expressed a desire to be Alcor-trained and we 
hope to sponsor a training trip to Southern California for these members in 
the coming months.  In the mean time, dues from the meetings and directed 
donations were continuing to pay off the $1200 debt.  Courtney suggested we 
make meetings more interesting with talks by individual members on various 
aspects of cryonics.

    By the July meeting, Curtis had built a squid apparatus which we would 
test to see if it may be, in fact, better than Alcor's current device for 
recirculating fluids and speeding up cooling rate.  Doug Lamm, one of our 
local members, was compiling a handbook of local laws, medical regulations, 
locations of ice, and anything that would be useful to local members during 
a life-threatening situation.  Doug plans to give a presentation at a 
future meeting.

    Also at the July meeting, Gerry, Janet, and Curtis reported on their 
trip to Canada (Huiying went, too).  They wanted to be supportive of the 
efforts of another remote group trying to get their start.  They also made 
a stop in Boston to attend the MIT Nanotechnology Study Group and to 
exchange ideas with our friends in the Boston Alcor Group.

    I drafted a letter for people living in and around the Northern 
Seaboard area to raise $7,500 for the necessary equipment.  I ran the 
letter by Alcor staffers in California and officers of the New York group.  
I got the go-ahead and licked, folded, stuffed, stamped, and labeled them 
for the "missing 79."  Carlos Mondragon, President of Alcor, asked staffer 
Joe Hovey to provide labels to an additional 120 names who were members and 
associate members in the area.  My letter went out to everyone on July 
8th.  We achieved 10% of our goal by the July meeting.

    Near the end of July, having heard nothing further on the drafting of a 
charter agreement for satellite groups, Gerry, Courtney, Curtis and I sent 
suggestions for a list of coordinator responsibilities and guidelines to 
Alcor.  Subsequent to that, Kevin added his suggestions.  We knew everyone 
had been inordinately busy and we thought it might get the ball rolling.  
It did apparently, and all the satellite groups are now reviewing a first 
draft charter agreement.

    At the August meeting we began to show cryonics videos as the last item 
on the agenda.  Curtis and Gerry bought a $42 inflatable woman, which they 
donated for training sessions.  I wish I had a video tape of them walking 
into the porno shop and telling the owner they wanted the doll to use in an 
experiment.  In the ledger, Kevin calls it the "inflatable transport 
training and experimentation module."  Curtis and Gerry bought the doll, 
but somehow I don't think the porno shop owner bought their story.  "Zsa 
Zsa" or "Miss IceCapades 1992," as Curtis calls her, will be filled with 
water and used as a "patient" for "practice cooldown" training until we are 
financially flush to purchase a Resusci-Anne.

    One of our new members, Stanley Gerber, enrolled in the State EMT 
Certification Course.  We would soon have a new member on our Transport and 
Stabilization Team! On September 3rd, I drafted and received approval for a 
follow-up fund raising letter.


The Art of Freezing

    Three of the people at the March Membership Meeting had been an artist, 
his wife, and the curator of the New Museum of Contemporary Art, here in 
New York.  We were informed that the artist John LeKay was purchasing a 
dewar from Alcor to display at the Museum exhibit The Interrupted Life, to 
be held from mid-September until the end of the year.  The curator 
interviewed Saul Kent, JoAnn Martin, and me for the exhibition catalogue.

    Eight of the New York cryonicists attended the opening night of the 
exhibit.  There's a monitor on a pedestal near the dewar and Bill Seidel 
put a voice track to a 

** PHOTO SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"Curtis Henderson and Janet Pinkney"

**
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (22)


** PHOTO SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"Kevin Brown, Alcor New York Treasurer"

**

6-minute video loop which plays continuously.  It is one of the most 
popular pieces in the exhibit.  On average 1500 people file through the 
museum every week.  Three days later, after our regular Sunday meeting, 
eight more of us took subway and taxis to go to the museum.  The Alcor 
dewar with its brilliant phoenix rising from the flames is the only glimmer 
of hope in the exhibit's grim examination of death and dying.  Indeed, it 
is the only piece which is in fact about life, not death.  I'm not 
convinced the staff there would agree with me.  I don't think they really 
"get it," but I hope some of the people who wander through will understand.


The Beginning of a Beautiful Friendship 

    We are preparing for regular training sessions on the first Sunday of 
each month at our coordinator's residence.  The first session is planned 
for October 6th and we're sending out announcements.  It is scheduled the 
date that Huiying and Gerry's first child is due, so there may be 
additional announcements that day.  We are fortunate that Gerry and Huiying 
have set aside a very nice space in their newly purchased house (an 
attached garage with direct access to the house) for storage of the New 
York equipment and as a location for regular training sessions.  They are 
closing it off and it will not be used as a garage, but rather as a 
classroom.

    Money is continuing to come in slowly but steadily for acquisition of 
equipment.  We have a high number of professionals among our ranks and more 
people "willing to get their hands dirty" than ever before.  We have 
another Membership Drive Meeting scheduled for November, with Mike Darwin 
as our featured speaker.  We will build our own shipping container this 
fall, and we will have a working paramedic on our team in January.

    We have a lot of ideas floating around but we simply do not have the 
time nor the people necessary to enable us to put them into action.  As you 
can see, we've been busy.  We've taken a great many positive steps here in 
New York, (my list is not complete by any means) with many yet to come.  If 
I were in a fatal accident would I be confident that I would be taken care 
of in the manner which I have come to expect?  Not yet, but the gap is 
closing.

    If you are among the "lost 79" please don't be shy.  Let's work side by 
side to save our lives.  We need you.  And, I humbly suggest. . . you need 
us.  As Jim Morrison said, "The future's uncertain and the end is always 
near."  But remember Casablanca:  ". . . this [could be] the beginning of a 
beautiful friendship."

    As you can see, there are obstacles to overcome and problems to solve 
associated with being a member of a satellite group.  I'd like to stress 
that both the satellite groups and Alcor S.C. have a responsibility for 
getting the facts and keeping each other informed.  If you are reading this 
magazine, you know that cryonics has never been easy.  We are a small 
society of immortalists, scattered around the globe, and the need to be 
mutually supportive is critical.  The life you save may be your own!

    If you are one of these lost and lonely which make up fully 50% of our 
organization worldwide, my message to you is this:  don't give up, find 
others who are like-minded and pull together.  A discussion group is a 
rational way to begin.  Alcor the star is barely within the threshold of 
human vision and if Alcor the organization seems at times to be barely 
within the threshold of human imagination or communication, don't despair.  
I have a feeling they are going to be more accessible and more visible in 
the future. . . and therefore, so will our dream.

    And now I have to go, there's someone on the phone who says he once 
attended an Alcor meeting in New York and he keeps getting letters from 
some stranger named Brenda.


Knowledge, Cryonics, and Pascal's Wager:  One View

by Thomas Donaldson

    Sometimes, in debate or discussion, one special argument against 
cryonics appears.  The argument is that the cryonics idea is "merely a 
variation of Pascal's Wager."  Pascal's Wager is the argument for belief in 
Christianity put forth by Blaise Pascal, the early French philosopher and 
mathematician, in the 17th Century.  It goes (my own free interpretation):  
We wish to be immortal.  Nowhere else is immortality promised than in 
Christianity.  Therefore, choose to believe rather than deny, since denial 
will lead simply to death while Christianity may even turn out to be true.

    Those who complain against cryonics by drawing a comparison with 
Pascal's Wager have noticed the similarity.  We could even get a short 
statement in favor of cryonics simply by replacing "Christianity" in the 
above by "cryonics."  There may even be people who choose cryonics simply 
on these grounds; I hope they are few.

    The Pascal's Wager argument (for Christianity) falls down badly today 
because we now know of many sets of ideas promising immortality:  
Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and many other splinter sects of 
the above four.  And Wicca, too, for those devoted to it now.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (23)


Could it really only be an argument for belief in something?  If so, it 
looks kind of weak.

    But there is another deeper reason why it fails as an argument against 
cryonics.  The reason it fails is that it is true.  But let's look at it 
closely to see what it really says.

    The logic of Pascal's Wager goes like this:

    (*) I want X.
    Nowhere else is X promised than from Y.
    Therefore I shall adopt (or follow, pay, do, etc.) Y.

    Stripped down so much, the major problem of comparing any act to 
Pascal's Wager (as an argument against it) shows up very clearly.  The 
problem is:  we are, all of us, making such wagers every day of our lives.  
Scrutinized, (*) does not merely pass immediately from our want (for X) and 
our action (Y).  There is a second premise, that Y promises X while nothing 
else does.  We use Pascal's Wager every day, every time we make a decision 
about any matter which has consequences we do not fully know.  Virtually 
all decisions we make have such uncertainty.  (If they were certain, we 
would not feel we were deciding anything.  We would simply be making a 
calculation!)

    How do we make such decisions?  Well, by our understanding of how the 
world works:  that is, our knowledge.  That is, if we buy a particular 
house we do not do so merely because we need a place to live (X = lodging) 
and this one (Y) was the first one to appear.  Instead we make some careful 
evaluation of the house (is it likely to fall down soon?), the property 
(large, small, polluted, dangerous or not?), its location (in a slum or out 
in the country?), and its cost (can we afford it?) and so on.  All of this 
evaluation requires knowledge, even if that knowledge does not compel a 
choice.  Even drifters who can neither rent nor buy a room have a choice of 
which bridge to sleep under.  And yes, unfortunately, some people are so 
badly off that they must choose the first lodging available.  Often that is 
a sign that they are rapidly losing any power of choice and sinking into 
death.

    And there are more instances:  Investment decisions (including storing 
your money under a mattress!) have exactly the same Pascal's Wager 
character to them.  In fact, you are making such wagers when you wake up 
and choose whether or not to get out of bed in the morning.

    Any argument against adopting any course of action (Y) solely because 
the pro-Y argument are a Pascal's Wager therefore fail badly, not because 
they aren't true, but because the claim that they are has no content at 
all.  What decisions can we make which are not Pascal's Wagers?

    To claim that choosing cryonics is simply an example of "Pascal's 
Wager" fails because almost everything we decide to do reduces to those 
terms.  But this argument also has a lesson for us:  there is no abstract, 
purely logical way to argue for cryonics.  Any cryonicist who wants to do 
so, or anyone who chooses cryonics, will need knowledge to help their 
evaluation.  Even now, when some cryonicists seriously believe we can make 
unnecessary any knowledge of physiology, biochemistry, or biology in 
deciding about modes of repair, we cannot do so this when we decide about 
the possibility of repair.  The condition of our brains after legal death 
and cryonic suspension must involve us in biological issues.  Even if we 
propose to upload ourselves, choice of a method to do so must involve us 
deeply in brain physiology.


FDA Assault on the Life Extension Foundation Continues

by Mike Darwin

    This may be old news by the time it reaches you, or it may (if we're 
lucky) be no news.  Most of our readers know who Saul Kent is.  For those 
who don't, a short precis is in order.  Saul is a long-time cryonicist, one 
of the founders of the first cryonics society (the Cryonics Society of New 
York), a long-time Alcor supporter, and the son of Alcor patient Dora Kent 
(whose suspension resulted in an international media spectacle and false 
accusations of homicide and grand theft against some members of the Alcor 
Suspension Team).  Saul has been a vigorous supporter of Alcor and 
cryonics, donating many hundreds of hours of work and many thousands of 
dollars of money.

    In addition to his work on behalf of cryonics, Saul is the President of 
the Life Extension Foundation, based in Hollywood Florida (no relation to 
us, the Alcor Life Extension Foundation).  Saul and his partner Bill Faloon 
have contributed hundreds of thousands of dollars to basic anti-aging 
research, and have published a highly informative newsletter, Life 
Extension Report.  Saul and Bill have been in a long-standing battle with 
the U.S. FDA over the activities in promoting and selling vitamins and 
nutrients, and more recently, over the activities in informing the public 
about the possible uses of approved drugs for unapproved uses (for example 
the use of the antiparkinsons drug deprenyl for life-span extension).

    Recently Saul and Bill were notified through their attorneys that the 
Grand Jury in Miami was about to return numerous indictments against them, 
and that the U.S. Attorney's Office intended to arrest them off the street 
(as opposed to letting the come in and surrender) and make every effort to 
either deny them bail, or set it so high that it was not possible for them 
to make bail. This is a highly unusual threat and a highly unusual 
procedure.  Normally non-violent, non-flight-prone defendants are never 
arrested in this fashion when 
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                                    (24)


they have counsel, the crimes are not violent ones, and they are willing to 
voluntarily surrender.  Such "on the street" arrests are dangerous and 
uncontrolled and law enforcement usually chooses to avoid them.  They are 
used only for "show value" when the government wants to sent a message of 
intimidation and terror to others involved in similar activity.

    A classic example of such a gestapo tactic arrest was the recent Wall 
Street busts, in which stock brokers were seized in their offices and led 
away in handcuffs in a media blitz and in front of their colleagues.  There 
is no legitimate security reason for such arrests with white collar 
"criminals."  Indeed, even in the Dora Kent case where this author was 
accused of premeditated homicide, a capital crime, I would have been given 
the courtesy of arrest via coming into the police station with my attorney.

    Over the years we have chronicled on these pages the numerous examples 
of abuse and incompetence in the FDA.  Their current targets are the 
banning of nutrients like Co-Q10, L-carnitine and so on.  The FDA already 
raises the cost of most medications to prohibitive levels through the 
complex, arbitrary, and costly medications approval process.  Right now the 
average cost of getting a new medication approved is $231 million dollars!  
If you want to see the effects of that it's very simple:  Deprenyl costs 25 
cents per tablet in Italy and $2.20 per tablet in the U.S.!  Many drugs 
never see the light of day here because their cost of introduction can 
never be recouped.

    Reproduced below is a graph/chart of the number of people in prison per 
capita as well as other data relating to the justice system in the U.S.  I 
think you will find it enlightening.  If you are wondering why Saul and 
Bill face imprisonment, and are wondering just how likely it is, take a 
look at these figures.  We are are right up there with South Africa and the 
now defunct Soviet Union.  Florida seems to be the state leading the pack 
in worthless prosecutions, as a glance at any newspaper will quickly 
confirm: it leads the nation in drug arrests, it leads the nation in 
arresting clerks and record store owners for sale of "obscene materials," 
and it recently arrested entertainer Pee Wee Herman for "indecent exposure" 
while in a movie theatre (private property) where all the patrons were 
adults who had paid to see "indecent exposure" (and much, much more!) on 
the screen.  The only question you need ask yourself is:  "When will your 
turn come to either face imprisonment or knuckle under?"  You may find out 
the answer much sooner than you think.

** GRAPH SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"Per Capita Prison Population -- Source for this data is the July-August 
1991 issue of 'The Futurist' magazine, page 47.  The above chart is stated 
as having as a source Penal Reform International, using data from the 
Council of Europe and the Australian Institute of Criminology."

**

    Saul and Bill seem about to be indicted and subjected to a lengthy, 
costly trial which could result in a prison term of decades.  Indeed, they 
were offered a deal by U.S. Attorney Mellinger to shut down the Foundation, 
plead guilty to unspecified "lesser charges" and serve three years in 
Federal Prison.

    I for one am damn sick of the FDA and the government FORCING me to do 
what they want me to do.  I happen to think my judgment on most medical 
matters is better than theirs, and when I am in doubt I am quite confident 
I can find my own experts to advise me.  In any event, whether I am right 
or wrong, freedom and the free market are based on people having the right 
to make both good decisions and bad ones.  Freedom is meaningless if we are 
allowed to make only prescribed "good" decisions.  Such freedom is NO 
freedom.

    If you feel as I do, (and I know I speak for the rest of the Alcor 
staff and the other editors of Cryonics) please write your local 
congressman and, more importantly, write to Assistant U.S. Attorney 
Mellinger at the following address:

Assistant U.S. Attorney Mellinger
c/o Zuckerman, Spaeder
201 South Key Biscayne Boulevard, #900
Miami, Florida  33131
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (25)


Reviews

Unbounding the Future:  The Nanotechnology Revolution
by K. Eric Drexler and Chris Peterson, with Gayle Pergamit
William Morrow and Company, Inc., New York.  304 pages.

Reviewed by BC Crandall

    Unbounding the Future, the most recent effort of the Foresight 
Institute, is a popular introduction to the concept and consequences of 
nanotechnology.  The book does little to satisfy "the howling demand" for 
detailed technical arguments supporting the feasibility of nanotechnology 
(which we can expect in Drexler's forthcoming "Molecular Nanotechnology:  
Molecular Machines and Manufacturing"), but it does a tremendous job of 
seeing where we are now and gazing into possible nanotechnological futures.

    The book discusses:

    -- Molecular nanotechnology, the basics
    -- The scale at which all this goes on, with delightful scenarios
    -- Current research leading to molecular control
    -- Possible manufacturing techniques and products
    -- Medical applications
    -- Limits, and the potential for abuse
    -- Challenges of the coming social transformation

    The text is easy to read, particularly the quasi-fictional scenarios 
that "bring to life" impressive but potentially dull facts.  For example, 
at the conclusion of a tour of a museum-of-the future, in which you've 
physically encountered a simulation of a nanomanufacturing facility 
(through a full-body virtual reality suit), a "striking, dark-haired woman" 
engages you in conversation and scoffs at the primitive nanotechnological 
devices that seemed so miraculous to you just a moment ago.  In one short 
paragraph the writers successfully characterize their description as 
possible, but hardly the last word in molecular manufacturing, and burn it 
into your mind with a brief flash of genetic desire.

    Perhaps this reveals more about my own delight in romance (or at least 
my gender preference), but it's this humanization of technical particulars 
that make these scenarios matter to flesh-and-blood humans.  And this is 
essential.  Nanotechnology can all too easily sound like science fiction -- 
just science fiction -- and be dismissed as such.  We need to imagine our 
futures with technical accuracy, but our futures won't be just 
technological.  The human use of nanotechnology is as essential to 
contemplate as the mind-boggling capabilities of the technology itself.

    The first two thirds of the book provide high-quality fuel for 
technically sound fantasies.  But what is most important, to my mind, is 
the material in the last chapters where they plunge into the fickle waters 
of public process and social transformation.  "Every interesting new 
technology, particularly in its early days, is a chaotic mix of competent 
workers and charlatans."  And it is in the midst of this chaos that our 
poor accelerated species must make sense of and act on the possibilities 
racing toward us.  It would be foolish not to expect and anticipate 
significant social upheaval as a consequence of "molecular manufacturing. 
[It] won't come trickling out of conventional factories as computers did, 
[rather, it] will replace factories and replace or upgrade their products."

    Drexler and company are well aware that change, particularly such fast-
paced and thorough-going change as they envision, will not be easy.  "In 
comparison to many of the projections of the twenty-first century, though, 
nanotechnology may lead to comparatively comfortable change."  But only 
because most such projections ignore the effects of exponentially expanding 
technological capacity -- including nanotechnology.

    The book is an excellent stimulant for the techno-political 
imagination, and I'd recommend it to anyone who's in high school or has 
ever been to one.  The writing is lively and thoughtful and the references 
to technical research are all up to date.  Nanotechnology is a cresting 
wave;  "Unbounding the Future" is an accurate and exciting snap shot of its 
gathering strength.

    That said, I must confess that, although I agree completely with the 
writers that our only viable option is to guide the technology (any attempt 
to stop development would merely confine nanotechnology to military labs), 
I wonder about the source of this guidance.  I'm uneasy with statements 
such as, "prudent people have only accepted new technologies when they 
offered an improved mix of risks and benefits."  The immensity of what is 
not known, by even well informed individuals, about the manifold 
consequences of a single act, should be enough to make us question the 
source and value of our own, or any one else's choices.  Our recently 
acquired tool of analytical judgment, valuable as it is, will not, in and 
of itself, shine a light on the path we need to tread.  Far from being the 
ultimate technical challenge, the advent of nanotechnology could be, if not 
the ultimate, certainly an unprecedented challenge to the wisdom and 
compassion of our species.  "Thorough, inexpensive control of the structure 
of matter" is heady stuff indeed!

    Perhaps, in light of the immense 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (26)


power of this technology, the most we can hope for and work toward is a 
chance to buy our genetic existence a little more time.  Once 
nanotechnology has provided the means to establish multiple 
extraterrestrial settlements, we should expect the occasional ecosystem 
collapse brought on by life in the evolutionary fast lane.  But as long as 
the ecosystem that crashes isn't the only ecosystem, the survivors can shed 
a tear, and then return to directing their own evolution -- with perhaps a 
bit more caution.

    But to return to the challenges of today:  however you 
perceive/conceive the mind-body matrix, don't sit back and think the 
Foresight Institute has the insight and wisdom to guide this transformation 
without your help.  Read the book.  Agree.  Disagree.  Use this fuel to 
imagine and create a world you and your friends can live and thrive in.  
The genome needs your intelligence, your compassion, your wisdom.  In the 
matter we trust.

                           *          *          *

    BC Crandall is the co-editor of Nanotechnology: The First Foresight 
Conference (MIT Press, winter 1991), the editor of Nanotechnology and the 
Culture of Abundance (forthcoming), and the Vice President and co-founder 
of Prime Arithmetics, Inc.


History of Old Age:  From Antiquity to the Renaissance
by Georges Minois (translated from the French by Sarah Hanbury Tenison)

book review by Thomas Donaldson

    Cryonicists with our position of being one of the very smallest 
minorities will certainly see that we can understand neither the past nor 
the present by looking only an imaginary "average people."  And so, even if 
for thousands of years average lifespans remained short, significant 
numbers of people even in ancient Sumer and Egypt lived into their nineties 
or even longer (the age at death of Ptah Hotep, Vizier to Pharaoh Izezi 
circa 2450 BC, reached 110 years).  Of course such longevity never appeared 
among the lower-class peasants;  but particularly in the upper classes, 
lives were neither brutal nor short, even so long ago.

    What Minois has done is to look through all the old sources and try, 
systematically, to write a history of old age all through these times:  
from Egypt, to Roman times, medieval Europe, and finally the Renaissance.  
Certainly we take a far more statistical attitude to aging than ever 
before.  We can count the percentage of people over 60, 65, 70, and 80 year-
by-year, classifying causes of death for those who did not survive.  Minois 
had no such compendia to go on; other than a small number of archaeological 
studies of cemeteries (too small, really, to give information any more firm 
than the fragmentary discussions of ages in the writings of the time), 
Minois basically had to comb through everything written in those times, 
looking for well-based attributions of age.

    His book is not just a simple accounting of lifespans.  He tries, too, 
to work out just what others felt about aging in these times, what the aged 
felt themselves (and in such times, the only writers we have lived in the 
prosperous classes and so lived to ages quite similar to ours).  Nor does 
he try to obscure the problems of aging.  But he takes no clear personal 
position on the problem, either.  Instead, he has written a book of 
dispassionate history, not at all an easy thing to do on such a subject.

    So what, then, has been the history of aging up to the Renaissance?  To 
describe this, we must really distinguish at least three separate streams.  
What did the old think of themselves and aging?  Again, what did all those 
who were not old think of age and the old who lived among them?  And 
finally, what social roles did these old people play (or not play).

    The very first point Minois makes is that at no time in this span of 
history did the old themselves think well of their age and condition.  
Sometimes they railed at it.  Sometimes they were resigned.  Minois reports 
that he found no true happiness coming with age;  even old authors writing 
apologies for aging betray themselves as they write (see his analysis of 
Cato's De Senectute).  To the aged themselves, old age is "an unmitigated 
evil and a dreary time of waiting for oncoming death."  Sometimes they 
tried to find cures.  Minois describes attempts to cure aging as far back 
as the Egyptians.  Galen, a famous Greek writing in Roman times, actually 
attempted the first scientific (i.e. not religious or magical) explanation 
of aging.  Roger Bacon, in Medieval times, sought a cure for aging;  
Cornaro writes of how good nutrition and exercise can prolong lifespan to 
100 years;  and all through the Middle Ages the myth of a Fountain of Youth 
persisted.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (27)


    Yet at the same time, the feelings of younger people around them went 
in both directions.  The old were ugly, evil, and depraved; or they were on 
the other hand wise, happy, and serene in their aging.  Minois quotes 
Simone de Beauvoir, particularly, on this issue.  This public attitude to 
aging, she suggests, forces the aged to take on the face of the wise, 
happy, and serene.  Any sexuality, love, or jealousy, any hint of the same 
desires as the young, or even any precipitate act, makes those around them 
(who are not themselves old) treat them either as grotesques or buffoons.  
Minois finds this assessment to remain true throughout the entire period of 
his investigation.  (We would say now that ageism prevailed.)

    Sometimes, particularly among primitives and peasants, the aged even 
took on a supernatural character:  as people standing at Death's door, they 
had some inkling of the world beyond.  Other times (Roman, Greek, or the 
Late Middle Ages and Renaissance), old people were quite openly derided and 
maltreated, unless their finances or social status still gave them some 
ability to fight back.

    These attitudes seem to have waxed and waned as other conditions 
changed.  For instance, one of the most interesting historical discoveries 
Minois made was that there were periods in the Middle Ages when old people 
became (relatively) quite a high percentage of the population, 10% or 
more.  (This meant, of course, that their social and political power 
increased too).  Unfortunately such changes never happened through any 
improvement in the human condition.  Instead, plagues like the Black Death 
attacked younger people with much more force than they attacked the old.  
Or else, they were times of war, with all the younger men busily killing 
one another off.

    In fact, the European Middle Ages provided Minois with far more 
documentation than earlier periods, and he finds more oddities in the 
history of old age as a result.  For instance, it turns out that many monks 
and nuns lived to relatively high ages, probably because conditions in a 
monastery were more healthful.  (As for the nuns, it seems that throughout 
this entire period death rates among women exceeded that among men, due to 
mortality in childbirth.  But even beyond this, women could die of the same 
things men died of).

    To my own mind, besides such curious historical perceptions as the 
times at which old people played larger roles in the Middle Ages, one 
interest of Minois' work is that it provides a different viewpoint to the 
only other historical work I know of on this subject.  That is Gerald 
Gruman's long paper, "A History of Ideas about the Prolongation of Life."  
[Gruman, Gerald, "A History of Ideas about the Prolongation of Life from 
Antiquity to 1800," Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 
56(Part 9) (1966).]  Gruman's conclusion was that Western (as compared 
particularly with Chinese) thinking on the issue of prolongation of life 
had consistently urged resignation and surrender rather than any attempt at 
prolongation.  Without trying to settle this issue historically, the 
difference should be flagged and considered seriously.

    Minois makes another point about his entire period which might pique 
our interest.  This is that even in the Renaissance the people involved had 
no special concept of Old Age (as distinct from old people).  If asked 
about the "stages of life" a man or woman would pass through, someone of 
Egypt, Greece, Rome, or the Middle Ages would have simply listed:  
"Infancy, Childhood, Adulthood."  A specific focusing on Old Age as a stage 
of life came quite recently, along with the notion of Retirement (in the 
periods I discuss, everyone was expected to work their whole lives).

    I personally suspect that this new classification of Old Age and the 
Retirement which it brings is one more attempt by a youth-loving society to 
place the Old off into a corner where their problems (and dying) won't 
intrude on everyone else.  And Minois also makes a point about the 
determined attempts by younger people to convince themselves that they, 
themselves, would never pass over into old age:  that behavior has 5000 
years of history behind it.  There is nothing novel about it at all.

    What, then, will it mean to us when we change ourselves so that we 
never age?  I don't believe that this could happen in practice without a 
very great fall in birthrate too.  Children, in the present sense, might 
become a very small minority, gathered together in a special place.  For a 
short time, as we all aged, some people might become like the wise old 
people of preliterate society:  people who actually remembered previous 
history.  But over time these differences in aging would stretch out for 
almost everyone, so that both infants and elderly of today would think of 
themselves as much the same age, 100 years more or less.

    So there would be no stages of life at all.  Certainly there might 
always be exceptionally old people (2000 years old in a group where almost 
everyone has lived to 1000 years!).  They would not differ obviously from 
anyone else, nor be held to any different standards: Jim or Harry, here 
before us from the 20th Century.  To first meet such people might give 
others a shock of surprise and amazement, even then.  (I don't believe 
issues of exact bodily form, uploading, etc., will matter to these 
suggestions . . . for those who focus on that issue.)

    Finally, I will have to say that Minois' book, though it contains a lot 
of interesting stuff, would have been far better if he had made it much 
shorter.  The problem is that his discussion, far too often, turns into a 
long list, with short description, together with age of death, of men and 
women of one time or another who had lived to a high age.  After a while 
this becomes extremely boring.  Any reader can see that these figures give 
him the basic data for his conclusions;  but they would have better been 
placed in Tables, with the more expository writing remaining.  For this 
reason, although any immortalist reader will find the content of his book 
quite interesting, his exposition puts you off almost entirely.  Personally 
I had to drive myself to read it through.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (28)


Alcor News

It's Party Time

    To reiterate the sentiments of last year, "Somewhere out there, a 
turkey has arrangements with Alcor.  They are NOT suspension arrangements.  
It's time for the annual Alcor Turkey Roast and get-together.  The date 
will be the first Sunday in December, the normal day for an Alcor business 
meeting.  FORGET BUSINESS.  The Turkey Roast is a time for serious 
socializing.  Topics will be anything you can get through the door!  See 
old faces!  See new faces!  Meet people who are seriously planning to live 
forever.  Mark the weekend on your calendar with indelible ink and swear on 
your Alcor Emergency ID tag to come.  No tag?  Come anyway.  You may come 
away convinced you can't do without one.  Remember, Alcor is its members.  
If you think this is going to be a memorable Turkey Roast, you're going to 
have to come and see for yourself!"

    Once again this will be a Pot-Luck arrangement, so your ticket is your 
food.  If you're wondering what to bring, or what other wonderful and 
helpful things you might be able to do, call Marce Johnson at (714) 962-
7898 or Maureen Genteman at (213) 398-3464.

    The celebration will start at 1:00 P.M. on Sunday, December 1st at the 
home of Saul Kent and Jo Ann Martin.  Directions for reaching Saul and Jo 
Ann's are given below.  It's a little hard to find, so if you get lost feel 
free to give us a call at (714) 780-3366.

    For those interested, there will probably be a side trip (tour) of the 
Alcor facility.  So don't even think about not coming.  This will be more 
fun than anyone has a right to.

    DIRECTIONS:

    Saul Kent and Jo Ann Martin
    16280 Whispering Spur              Telephone: (714) 780-3252
    Riverside, California

    Take the Riverside Freeway (Hwy 91) east to Riverside and get off going 
South (right) on Van Buren.  Whispering Spur is south of the Freeway four 
miles, and 1.0 miles beyond Mockingbird Canyon Road, on the left.  16280 is 
the second house on the right, at the end of the white fence.


Help Us Help You!

    Yes, it's that time of the year again.  Time to sit down and decide 
just how much money you want to be caught counting when your 1991 calendar 
says GAME OVER.  That's right:  Santa Claws is coming for your surplus 
dollars, he doesn't have anything as noble or merry as vitrification 
research in mind, and he won't give up until we're all Nickelless.

    But this is the season of giving, not taking, and the more giving you 
do to Alcor, the less taking Uncle "Wham Bam" Sam is allowed.  That's just 
the way it works.

    That's right, your donations to Alcor are tax-deductible, and with the 
new Operating Endowment Fund in place, your donations can work for us -- 
and for you -- indefinitely.  Remember the Endowment Dewar from last 
month?  Help us to fill that dewar, and we'll use it to build an 
organization with the strength and stability we all hope to never need.

    As we mentioned last year at this time, Membership dues pay less than 
25% of our day-to-day operating costs, never mind research or improvements 
to our Emergency Response capability.  The balance is made up by donations 
and endowments.  Every little bit counts.

    Help us help you.


Worker's Extortion -- Er, Compensation

    On 2 August a representative from the State Board of Industrial 
Relations paid a visit to Alcor.  We had been negotiating (through an 
intermediary) with the State Insurance Fund for some months in an attempt 
to obtain worker's compensation insurance for our staff, which we are 
legally required to do.  Since we could not obtain this insurance from 
private carriers at any price, we are forced to rely on the State Fund.

    The purpose of the visit on August 2nd was to issue a citation and 
impose a fine on us for not having worker's comp insurance in place.  The 
"investigator" who came by said that he was also empowered to issue a stop-
work order, empty the building and padlock the doors until we could provide 
proof of insurance.  He decided instead to be "reasonable" and give us 
until Monday morning to get the insurance.

    This put us in the position of having to go to the State Fund directly 
and ask for immediate coverage.  As any negotiator could predict, this put 
them in the driver's seat.  The highest worker's comp premium is the rate 
assigned to nursing homes: 13.5% of gross pay.  This is the rate which the 
State Fund's underwriter assigned to Alcor.  But he didn't stop there.  
They noted that in addition to our staff, we had nine directors.  Although 
it was explained that these directors are not paid, and that those not on 
staff come to off-site meetings about 10 times per year, they insisted that 
directors be covered by their policy.  They figured that a non-profit 
directorship is worth a salary of $56,000. per year and plugged in a 
nursing home rate premium.  Even when told that one director had recently 
died, they insisted on covering him too!  The bottom line was an annual 
premium of over $100K, or put another way, 120% of our payroll.

    To immediately give us a certificate of insurance, they demanded a $30K 
deposit, pending final determination of our premium.  We gave them the $30K 
check; this money was taken from the Operating Endowment, since we had no 
choice if we wish to keep operating!

    We have vigorously protested the outrageous premiums we've been told 
we'll have to pay, and we were recently inspected by a team of underwriters 
from the State Fund, the purpose of said inspection being to "determine our 
correct premium."  So far we are waiting to see what happens.  The upshot 
of this will be simple: more regulation and higher costs.  Under the best 
(best!) scenario we will still be hit with somewhere between $3K to $10K 
per year in premiums.  They do at least pay minimal interest on that $30K 
deposit we were forced to leave with them.  We do not have the money for 
those kinds of expenses sitting around in our operating budget as "slop."  
Therefore, as you will read about elsewhere in this issue, we must pass the 
costs along to you.  Dues will rise accordingly.

    We wish there were some other alternative.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (29)


ADVERTISEMENTS AND PERSONALS

    The Alcor Life Extension Foundation and Cryonics reserve the right to 
    accept, reject, or edit ads at our own discretion, and assume no 
    responsibility for their content or the consequences of answering these
    advertisements.  The rate is $8.00 per line per month (our lines are 
    66 columns wide).  Tip-in rates per sheet are $90 (already printed and 
    folded);  or $180 (printed one side) or $270 (printed both sides), from
    camera-ready copy.  Tip-in advertisements must be clearly identified as
    such.

MARY NAPLES, CLU and BOB GILMORE -- CRYONICS INSURANCE SPECIALISTS.  New 
York Life Insurance Company;  4600 Bohannon Drive, Suite 100;  Menlo Park, 
CA 94025.  (800) 621-6677.

EXTROPY:  The Journal of Transhumanist Thought, #7. Memetics and cryonics, 
privately produced law, spontaneous orders (markets, agoristic computing, 
hypertext) neurocomputation, neologisms, transhumanism, reviews of Smart 
Drugs, and more.  $4 from Max More;  P.O. Box 77243, Los Angeles, CA 90007-
0243


MEETING SCHEDULES

    Alcor business meetings are usually held on the first Sunday of the 
month.  Guests are welcome.  Unless otherwise noted, meetings start at 1 
PM.  For meeting directions, or if you get lost, call Alcor at (714) 736-
1703 and page the technician on call.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The NOVEMBER meeting will be at the home of:

(SUN, 3 NOV 1991)        Virginia Jacobs
                         29224 Indian Valley Road
                         Rolling Hills Estates, CA

Directions:  Take the Harbor Freeway (US 110) south to Pacific Coast 
Highway (State 1) and get off going west.  Go along Pacific Coast past the 
Torrance Municipal Airport to Hawthorne Blvd.  Turn left (south) on 
Hawthorne and go up into the hills past the Peninsula Shopping Center 
(Silver Spur Rd.).  Hawthorne takes a long curve around to the left.  
Indian Valley Road is a little over two miles beyond the Center, on the 
left.  29224 is about 0.2 mi up Indian Valley Rd., opposite Firthridge Rd.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The DECEMBER meeting is the Annual Turkey Roast, at the home of:

(SUN, 1 DEC, 1991)       Saul Kent and Jo Ann Martin
                         16280 Whispering Spur
                         Riverside, CA

Directions:  Take the Riverside Freeway (Hwy 91) east to Riverside and get 
off going south (right) on Van Buren Blvd.  Whispering Spur is south of the 
freeway four miles, and 1.0 miles beyond Mockingbird Canyon Rd., on the 
left.  16280 is the second house on the right, at the end of the white 
fence.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

                 *                    *                    *

    There is an Alcor chapter in the San Francisco Bay area.  Its members 
are aggressively pursuing an improved rescue and suspension capability in 
that area.  Meetings are generally held on the second Sunday of the month, 
at 4 PM, followed by a potluck.  Meeting locations can be obtained by 
calling the chapter's Secretary, Carol Shaw, at (408) 730-5224.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The NOVEMBER meeting will be held at the home of:

(SUN, 10 NOV, 1991)      Eric Messick
                         15139 Old Ranch Road
                         Los Gatos
                         Tel: (408) 353-4751

Directions:  Take Hwy 17 to the Summit Road exit (at the crest of the Santa 
Cruz Mountains).  Go west on Summit, bearing right at Mt. Charley to stay 
on Summit.  Go to Hutchinson Road and turn left.  Take Hutchinson to Old 
Ranch Road and turn right.  Go downhill on Old Ranch, and take the private 
road straight ahead when Old Ranch turns left.  Go down the private road 
until you see a dome on the left, which is 15139.  Park on the road.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The DECEMBER meeting will be held at the home of:

(SUN, 8 DEC, 1991)       Roger Gregory and Naomi Reynolds
                         2040 Columbia St.
                         Palo Alto, CA
                         Tel: (415) 493-7582

DIRECTIONS:  Take the 280 north to Page Mill Road, and take Page Mill east 
toward Stanford.  Go down to the bottom of the hill to Hoover St. (5th 
light). Turn left on Hoover to California St. and make another left.  Go 
two blocks to Columbia and turn right.  The house is in the second block, 
on the left.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

                 *                    *                    *

    There are two Alcor groups in the Greater New York area.  Details may 
be obtained by calling either:

Gerard Arthus, at (516) 689-6160, or Curtis Henderson, at (516) 589-4256

    The Alcor New York Group meets on the third Sunday of each month at 
2:30 PM, at 72nd Street Studios.  The address is 131 West 72nd Street (New 
York), between Columbus and Broadway.  Ask for the Alcor group.  Subway 
stop:  72nd Street, on the 1, 2, or 3 trains.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The meeting dates are as follows:

        NOVEMBER 17      DECEMBER 15      JANUARY 19      FEBRUARY 16
----------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Long Island Cryonics Discussion Group of Alcor meets on the first 
Sunday of every month, at 2:30 PM, at the home of Gerry Arthus.  The 
address is:  17 Mystic Way, Stony Brook, L.I., telephone (516) 689-6160.  
Note that this is a new address.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The meeting dates are as follows:

          NOVEMBER 3      DECEMBER 1      JANUARY 5      FEBRUARY 2
----------------------------------------------------------------------

             *                        *                        *

    There is a cryonics discussion group in the Boston area meeting every 
second Sunday at 3:00 PM.  Information may be obtained by contacting Eric 
Klien at (508) 663-5480 (work) or (508) 670-5235 (home).  Meetings are at 
the home of Eric Klien;  28 Kenmar Dr., #272;  Billerica, MA 01821.  Take 
the 3 north to the Concord exit, and go right toward Billerica.  The fifth 
street on the right is Kenmar.  Go to the driveway one short of the end of 
Kenmar and turn left.  Go to Building 28 (last building).

             *                        *                        *

    The Houston area has a discussion group on cryonics, life extension, 
and the high/low diet.  Meetings are typically held the second Saturday of 
every month.  For more information call Ravin Jain at 713-797-1076 or 
Rupert Hazle at 713-480-3309.  Correspondence may be addressed to Rupert 
Hazle at 15107 McConn, Webster, TX 77598.
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