CRYONICS

         Volume 12(10)        OCTOBER, 1991               Issue 135

                               ISSN 1054-4305

Cover:  "Ben Best examines some alternatives for financing cryonic 
suspension in this month's cover story."


FEATURE ARTICLES

    5     A REPORT ON CURRENT SUSPENSION CAPABILITIES
          Mike Darwin

    14    A PLEA FOR INFLATION-PROOF CRYONICS FINANCING
          Ben Best

    18    THE DONALDSON APPEAL
          Christopher Ashworth & David B. Epstein

    25    REVIEW:  ME
          Ralph Whelan

    26    REVIEW:  PARADISE MISLAID -- BIRTH, DEATH,
          AND THE HUMAN PREDICAMENT OF BEING
          BIOLOGICAL
          Thomas Donaldson

    27    RALPH MERKLE REPLIES
          Ralph Merkle

    28    METAMORPHOSIS YET AGAIN
          Ralph Merkle

COLUMNS

    7     FOR THE RECORD
          Mike Perry

    8     LIFE EXTENSION
          Steven B. Harris, M.D.

    11    FUTURE TECH
          Keith Henson

    12    LEGISLATIVE WATCH
          Allen J. Lopp

DEPARTMENTS

    1     Up Front

    2     Letters to the Editors

    29    Recent Abstracts of Interest

    30    Alcor News

    33    Advertising and Personals

    33    Upcoming Events



CRYONICS is the magazine of the Alcor Life Extension Foundation, Inc.

Managing Editor:  Ralph Whelan
Editor:  Hugh Hixon
Contributing Editor:  Mike Darwin
Production Editors:  Eric Geislinger and Jane Talisman

Published monthly.  Individual subscriptions:  $25 per year in the US;  $35 
per year in Canada and Mexico;  $40 per year all others.  Back issues are 
$3.50 each in the US, Canada, and Mexico;  $4.50 each all others.

Please address all editorial correspondence to ALCOR, 12327 Doherty Street, 
Riverside, CA 92503 or phone (800) 367-2228 or (714) 736-1703.  FAX #:  
(714) 736-6917.

Contents copyright 1991 by the Alcor Life Extension Foundation, Inc., 
except where otherwise noted.  All rights reserved.  The opinions expressed 
herein are not necessarily those of the Alcor Life Extension Foundation or 
its Board of Directors or management.
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                                     (1)


Up Front

Alcor Board Elects New Vice-President

    At our August 4th meeting, long time Alcor director Paul Genteman was 
elected Vice President.  Paul has been an Alcor suspension member since 
1977.  Only eight of the people on our current emergency response list have 
been suspension members longer.

    Paul has been on Alcor's board of directors since 1978, when he was 
also elected Corporate Secretary -- a post which he still retains, and he 
is a volunteer on our suspension team as well.  Paul lives in northern 
California where he works in software development at a major company.


Keeping Up With the Jones Fund

    The JONES ENDOWMENT FUND was created to provide a reliable source of 
income for Alcor's day-to-day operations.  We have set a goal, based on our 
projected needs and growth, of $700,000 by July 1st of 1996.  Contributions 
to this endowment are added to capital;  only the income from the fund is 
available for our use.

    An initial contribution of $400,000 was made by Alcor's Board of 
Directors, out of proceeds from the Dick Jones estate (hence the name of 
the fund).  Since the fund was first mentioned in the June issue of 
cryonics, we have received $1,150 in additional donations.

    We will periodically publish this graphic to chart our progress toward 
our goal.


Keeping the Roadway Clear

    This issue contains our fifth article in recent months by Alcor member 
Allen Lopp, all of which concern the need to establish pro-cryonics 
legislation.  Twice this summer Allen has written to the legislators that 
chair the committees in each legislative house that review bills addressing 
health matters.  Again, they are Assemblyman Bruce Bronzan (D-31-Fresno) on 
the Assembly Health Committee, and California State Senator Diane Watson (D-
28-Inglewood) on the Senate Health and Human Services Committee.

    We at Alcor would like to reiterate our concerns in this direction by 
joining 
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                                     (2)


Allen in urging all cryonicists to write to Senator Watson now.  Thank her 
for her interest in researching cryonics and her responsiveness to Allen's 
inquiries.  You can write to her at this address:

                        The Honorable Diane Watson
                         California State Senate
                            4040 State Capitol
                           Sacramento, CA 95814

    If you don't have time to write, call her Sacramento office (916) 445-
5215.  You might want to explain that you have been told that she is 
researching cryonics for possible legislative action, that you wish to 
thank her for her interest, and that you wish for cryonic suspension to 
remain legal and available in California.  (With the current lack of 
cryonics facilities in most other states, you don't need to be a California 
resident to express your concerns.)

    As always, the cryonic suspension that you defend may be your own!


A One Atom Switch

    Progress in nanotechnology continues at a stunning rate.  The 15 August 
issue of the prestigious British scientific journal "Nature" contains an 
article by D.M. Eigler, et al of the IBM Almaden Research Center (the folks 
who brought us the letters IBM in nanoscale writing) reporting the 
development of a single atom switch.  The switch operates by moving a 
single xenon atom between stable positions on each of two conducting 
surfaces; one surface being the tip of the scanning tunneling microscope 
and the other the surface of a nickel crystal.  The state of the switch can 
then be determined by measuring the conductance across the "leads."

    The switches were assembled and operated in an ultraclean, ultra high 
vacuum chamber at 4�K (about -269�C).  Thus, these devices are of a 
prototype nature and are a long way from practical application.

    Almost as exciting as the announcement of the atom switch was an 
accompanying editorial under the heading "nanotechnology" which waxes 
eloquent about the possibilities this development represents.  The 
editorial, by C.F. Quate, a noted researcher on molecular electronics takes 
note of the possibilities, notes some of the problems, and points the way 
toward a possible solution:

        "The prospect opened by this remarkable body of new work is the 
    construction of electronic devices with atomic dimensions.  But this 
    will not be so easy in practice.  Speed is the limiting factor.  The 
    dilemma is illustrated with memory type devices.  For example, a 
    cluster of 1,000 atoms could represent 1 bit of information, in which 
    case the entire contents of the Library of Congress, equaling 200 
    terabits, could be stored on a silicon disc 12 inches in diameter. 
    (In contrast, it would probably take 250,000 compact disks of a 
    similar size to store this information with current techniques.) But 
    even if one can create clusters at the exceptional rate of 107 per 
    second it would take 230 days to fill the disk.  Worse still, it 
    would take an additional 230 days to read the information.  The 
    solution will be to work towards massively parallel reading and 
    writing systems."

    Clearly cell and tissue repair devices to reverse disease, old age and, 
freezing damage are some little distance in the future.  The reassuring 
thing is that things are unfolding exactly as we expected them to,  and in 
some cases even sooner than we expected them to.


Member Survey

by David Pizer

    Several members have asked if Alcor could have a program where our 
members can make donations or dues payments to Alcor by authorizing 
Automatic Deductions from their bank accounts on a regular basis.  Alcor is 
now with a bank that offers that option;  the problem is that it's 
expensive to initiate.  In order for us to offer automatic deductions to 
our members we would need to know that enough members wanted to participate 
in sufficient amounts, before we make a commitment to our bank.

    If we do offer this service, members who want automatic donations 
deducted from their bank account would fill out a card authorizing the 
amount and then send the card to us.  We would then forward that to our 
bank, which would electronically deduct the stated amount from the member's 
own bank account each month.

    If this seems like a program you would like to use, please call or 
write me and let me know the amount you would want to donate each month.  
(This is not an authorization to start -- just a survey to let us know what 
we might expect if we initiate this service.)  If we receive enough 
positive responses, we will go ahead with the program.

    Please let me hear from you.


MEMBERSHIP STATUS

    Alcor has 257 Suspension Members, 505 Associate Members (includes 192 
people in the process of becoming Suspension Members, and 19 members in 
suspension.


Letters to the Editors


Editor:

    Cryonics will probably never have widespread appeal because most people 
don't value existence that much.  They anesthetize themselves thoroughly to 
the here-and-now, even while enjoying health, freedom, and material 
abundance.  What can Alcor possibly offer them in a future life but more of 
what they find so meaningless today?  The popularity of alcohol, an 
incredible spectrum of drugs (both legal and otherwise), television, movies 
and other passive entertainments, high-fat diets, nicotine, fundamentalist 
religions, and other self-destructive behaviors too numerous to mention 
indicate that if Alcor is to survive into the future -- much less prevail 
technologically -- it had better prepare to do this as a tiny, highly 
sophisticated, superbly organized cell.

                                 Sincerely,

                                 Paul D. Mallamo


Dear Cryonics,

    In your article "Funding Cryonic Suspension -- A Critique" by Howard S. 
Katz (August, 1991), you were showing the way inflation affects whole life 
insurance, taking $120,000 as a base figure and recommending the insurance 
that starts cheap and increases with age (I couldn't remember the name as I 
have totally discounted this type of insurance).  Now some points on this 
need to be mentioned, which 
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apply only to Australia.  (A future article on insurance in various nations 
would be an idea!)

    I chose approximately the fourth biggest insurance company in Australia 
as, although it isn't the biggest here, it is one of them world wide 
(Zurich, Australia) and it was recommended through a reliable agent also 
being based in Switzerland (and the Swiss being excellent money managers) 
it offers a better chance of being beyond the reach of any potential 
socialist/communist government (remote).  Also term/life or universal (I 
believe it's called) has no bonuses and the payments increase to a 
prohibitive level with age;  therefore as someone gets older or even 
unemployed the risk of loss of the entire insurance policy increases 
greatly.  When the stage of the policy is reached where it pays for itself, 
a term or universal policy (if unable to pay) eats at the reserve a lot 
faster.  For all these reasons and the facts that with whole life the 
bonuses on average increase the value of the policy by 600% and can never 
be lost by law unless the policy is terminated, I have chosen whole life 
insurance.

                                     Yours sincerely,

                                     Colin A. Brooker


To the editor,

    I am, hopefully, a member-to-be.  I have every intention of enjoying as 
much of the future as possible.  I'm presently in the sign-up process 
waiting for a property sale before I can proceed.

    Regarding Alcor's future costs of doing business, I hope that someone 
who knows a lot more about this subject than I do has figured all of this 
out already.  But just to compare calculations, I'm citing my own very 
rough figures with regard to Alcor's funding needs as the years go by 
tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow.

    Based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Cost of Living Index for 
the 29 years from 1960 to 1988, the average actual inflation per year was 
5.01%.  The highest year was 1980 at 13.5% and the lowest were 1961 and 
1962 at 1.0% each.  If we assume that 5.01% will be the future overall 
inflation rate (the actual trend was slightly upward), $100,000 in 1991 
dollars will decline in real value to $50,000 in 14 years.

** DIAGRAM SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"Potential Inflation Corrected Funding Requirements (Life Expectancies from 
Bureau of Labor Statistics) -- Above are graphic and tabular 
representations of the quantities in 1991 dollars necessary to counter and 
assumed inflation rate of 5.01% per year and meet Alcor's expenses at the 
expected time of suspension and hence collection, according to member age 
in 1991, for whole body suspension members."

**

    Put another way, the average age of Alcor's members is 42 and the 
average member will therefore deanimate in another 35.6 years, according to 
the BLS actuarial table.  After 35.6 years (in the year 2027), $120,000 
will be worth only about 20,600 of today's dollars and $41,000 will be 
worth about $7,000 of today's dollars.  Looked at in reverse, an item which 
costs $1.00 today will cost $5.81 in dollars of the year 2027.

    The $22.2 million provided for suspensions (quoting from the July 1991 
Membership Statistics) will thus become available during a period the 
average year of which is 2027.  It therefore has a value in today's dollars 
of 17.2%, or $3.8 million.  As an investment base, that is the value it 
will have in today's dollars when it begins to earn income for or becomes 
usable by Alcor.

    Furthermore, today's $120,000 commitment by a 30-year-old has far less 
value than the $120,000 commitment by a 75-year-old.  The 30-year-old will 
deanimate in 46.8 years (the year 2038) and the 75-year-old in 10.7 years 
(the year 2002).  In today's dollars the 30-year-old has committed about 
$12,100 and the 70-year-old has committed about 60,500 1991 dollars.  It is 
important to think of it this way because there is no reason to believe 
that the 
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                                     (4)


costs of liquid nitrogen, dewars, electricity, taxes, salaries, etc., will 
not stay constant in today's dollars, i.e. that these costs will not rise 
directly with inflation.

    In January 1991, Mike Darwin said that whole body minimum suspension 
funding necessary to cover the costs was $113,000 and neuro was $34,000.  
If those were 1991 dollars there is a big problem.  Alcor's current 
membership mix of 87 and 152 (whole body vs. neuro) would lead to a 
composite (whole and neuro combined) average funding need of $62,800 or $15 
million total.  The value of 15 million 1991 dollars is 87.2 million in the 
dollars of the year 2027, the year Alcor's average current member will 
deanimate.  But apparently the members have "provided" 22.2 million of the 
year 2027's dollars (3.8 million 1991 dollars).  If this is all true, there 
appears to be a shortfall of 65 (87.2 - 22.2) million year 2027 dollars (or 
11.2 million year 1991 dollars).  Unless I'm missing the point in some of 
the data published, Alcor's pledged amount should be about 87.2 million (15 
million 1991-dollars), that is if costs rise with inflation, if inflation 
stays at 5.01%, and if the members deanimate in accordance with actuarial 
expectancy.

    Care must be exercised in observing the age mix of membership.  
Consideration should be given to charging different amounts for different 
ages.  A $120,000 single premium policy for an 80-year-old would be about 
$92,000 (if he could get one), but for a 30-year-old it would only be about 
$16,000.  This difference reflects the differences discussed above.

    Disregarding for the moment my own calculations, ie. assuming that 
$120,000 and $41,000 are indeed the correct amounts in dollars of today, 
and based on life expectancy and inflation, and regarding whole body 
inflation, equity would be approached if 30-year-old's had to commit now, 
to be paid at time of deanimation, $1.19 million, 40-year-old's $730,000, 
50-year-old's $470,000, 60-year-old's $320,000, 70-year-old's $240,000, and 
80-year-old's $180,000.  Bizarre, I know, but the figures seem to me to be 
irrefutable--irrefutable, that is, if my expressed assumptions are 
correct.  The figures for neuro would be about (age 30:) $410,000, age 40:  
$250,000, age 50:  $160,000, age 60:  $110,000, age 70:  $81,000, and age 
80:  $61,000.  The annual premiums for insurance for all of these amounts 
would be about the same to all parties in each of the 2 groups, because of 
the difference in ages.  If single values are to remain for all ages for 
whole body and all ages for neuro, these calculations would lead us to 
$700,000 and $240,000.

    The following is an alternative approach, arriving at somewhat 
different numbers, using the earlier data given in Cryonics of August 
1990.  That article reported in considerable detail the costs and expected 
costs of suspension and storage.  Presumably they were expressed in current 
dollars.  The suspension costs were $27,470 and $18,909 for whole body and 
neuro respectively.  These numbers would become $160,000 and $110,000 
respectively in the inflated dollars of the year 2027.  The storage costs 
of $854.38 and $66.08 per year in Bigfoot rise to $4,965 and $384 per year 
in dollars of the year 2027.  The funds (again, dollars of the year 2037) 
necessary to generate $4,965 and $384 at 2% are $248,000 and $19,000.  In 
other words, the average member should be preparing to hand over to Alcor 
at time of deanimation $408,000 ($160,000 + $248,000) for whole body or 
$129,000 ($110,000 + $19,000) for neuro.

    I expect that the learning curve and other factors (such as greatly 
reduced heat 
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                                     (5)


transfer per patient when less surface per patient is presented to ambient, 
due to close packing of a larger frozen population;  and also Alcor's 
members' tendency to take much better care of themselves than the average 
person -- or would this latter point actually cost Alcor more because of 
the further inflation during the longer life time?) will lead to reduced 
costs.  Such projected savings might best be treated as Alcor's minimum 
reserve for adverse factors not now known such as unforeseeable increased 
costs of litigation in the future, costs of reanimation, etc., and, more 
importantly, to bring the salaries of Alcor staff members in line with 
market salaries.

    I'd appreciate a reaction.

    John Connole
    Costa Rica

    The points brought up in the above letters, as well as the subject 
matter of this issue's similar article by Ben Best and the August issue's 
finance article by Howard Katz, will be directly addressed by an article by 
Carlos Mondragon (Alcor C.E.O.) to appear in next month's issue. -- Ed.


A Report on Current Suspension Capabilities

by Mike Darwin

    The recent deanimation of Alcor Suspension Team Leader Jerry Leaf has 
had a serious impact on Alcor's capability to deliver suspension services.  
That's the bad news.  The good news is that under most conditions our 
suspension capability remains as good as ever, and in some areas it is even 
improving.

    Jerry had an enormous range of medical/surgical skills.  The most 
critical of these (and the least easily duplicated) was his cardiovascular 
surgical expertise;  in particular the depth of his experience which 
allowed for him to a) quickly and efficiently recover from the inevitable 
errors made from time to time, and b) handle unusual or difficult cases 
such as patients with prior coronary artery surgery, anatomical 
abnormalities, or tumor disease in the chest which affected the 
anatomy/physiology of the central circulatory system.

    Another major advantage Jerry gave us was flexibility.  To some extent 
Jerry's skills and my skills overlapped.  I am reasonably competent at 
doing remote blood washouts and connecting patients to the heart-lung 
machine using the groin and neck (femoral, jugular, femoral bypass).  I am 
also a competent cryonics perfusionist (I supervised and/or operated the 
pump acting as perfusionist on virtually all Alcor suspensions to date).  
This meant that Alcor had a good measure of flexibility both in terms of 
dispatching personnel to the field for standby and in the operating room.

    For all intents and purposes this level of skill and flexibility is 
gone from Alcor for the foreseeable future.  It's as simple as that.

    I do not feel confident establishing bypass using a thoracic (central) 
approach.  I am currently working to build skills in this area, although 
with our very low case-load and the minimal opportunity to practice under 
skilled guidance I will very likely only be able to handle "plain vanilla" 
cases;  those which do not involve prior bypass surgery or extensive tumor 
involvement of the great vessels of the chest.

    For cases which I cannot do, we have a back-up surgeon who has been 
functioning as our primary surgeon for the last two cases.  This surgeon is 
highly skilled and very competent.  Unfortunately, he is very time-
constrained and will not drop everything to do a suspension.  He also is 
unavailable from time-to-time.  We are in the process of making 
arrangements for two other people with the desirable level of surgical 
skills.  We are also in what we hope is the final phases of negotiating 
with several perfusionists who will be available on an on-call basis to 
operate the pump and supervise sample taking, thus freeing me up for more 
critical (and less commercially available) tasks.

    The bottom line here is very simple.  Right now and for the foreseeable 
future Alcor has much less technical reserve capacity than it has had in 
the past.  This means we will NOT be doing high-level standbys outside the 
United States.  I am also unavailable for any international travel for the 
indefinite future.  All training sessions for international groups will now 
be conducted in Riverside, CA.

    An unpleasant related effect is that I am now a virtual prisoner of 
civilization.  It will no longer be possible for me to go into remote areas 
camping and hiking with my lover as I used to do.  I mention this here 
because this kind of responsibility is a crushing one which seriously 
impacts my life.  I think everyone needs to understand this and the 
effect(s) this is likely to have on me.

    The solution to the problems brought about as a result of Jerry's 
deanimation are not going to come quickly or be easy.  Major areas which 
are being addressed are as follows:

    1) Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) are being written for all major 
areas of our suspension operations in incredible detail (right down to 
telling people what shelf in what cabinet each item needed for a job is 
located).  This is a daunting task that will take months to complete.

    2) Training is being stepped up into high gear in all phases of local 
operations.  We will be doing work on pigs in the near future to practice 
cardiovascular surgical skills.

    3) We will be repeating one or two dog blood washout/deep hypothermia 
experiments to establish that our bypass 
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                                     (6)


skills and basic knowledge are intact even without Jerry.  This is 
especially important because if we can't get a dog down and back from 
washout then its very likely we can't washout/perfuse a human patient 
without causing serious (and unnecessary) injury.

    4) We are vigorously trying to recruit others with the 
surgical/perfusion skills we need so that we have a pool of people to draw 
from in any emergency.

    5) We will soon be holding a training course for the cryoprotective 
perfusion portion of our operation just as we have done for the transport 
portion.  This course will run 1 - 2 weeks and will consists of classroom 
work plus at least three cryoprotective perfusions using an animal model.  
I am looking for volunteers who wish to be trained to carry out specific 
functions in the operating room.  If you are interested in being trained to 
a do specific task on the Alcor Suspension Team and you live in the 
Riverside/Orange County/Los Angeles area (or are willing to regularly 
commute) please let me know.  The following positions are open:


Position:  Laboratory Technician

Job Description:  Calibrates and operates test equipment including 
osmometer, refractometer, blood gas machine, centrifuges, and prepares 
perfusate and checks it for quality/suitability.

Requirements:  background in in medical technology and/or basic laboratory 
techniques is highly desirable.

Position:  Operating Room Circulating Nurse

Job Description:  Maintain inventory, stock cabinets in OR, lay out 
supplies for the suspension and prepare the OR for the suspension, obtain 
supplies as needing during the conduct of the suspension and hand them off 
to Scrub Nurse, clean instruments after case and prepare them for 
sterilization, set up trays for next case.

Requirements:  organized, well-disciplined person capable of putting in a 
substantial amount of time memorizing the names, locations, and purposes of 
myriad surgical supplies.


Position:  Sample Technician

Job Description:  Draws samples for chemistries, blood gases, and 
cryoprotective agent determination during course of perfusion.

Requirements:  Very level temperament (this is a high stress job).  Prefer 
someone who is HIV+.


Position:  Scribe

Job Description:  Lays out/prepares data logging sheets, takes notes during 
suspensions and requests information and orders samples drawn on a regular 
basis, writes information down, charts the basic flow of events, and notes 
any unusual events or pertinent observations.

Requirements:  good familiarity with medical terminology and an ability to 
learn to read laboratory instrumentation and become thoroughly familiar 
with the overall flow of events during a suspension.


Position:  Phase III Cool Down Technician

Job Description:  Prepares and lays out all materials required for cooling 
patient to dry ice temperature.  This includes preparing the Silcool bath 
and insuring that it is at the proper temperature when the patient comes 
off the pump.

Requirements:  Someone who is good with his/her hands, works well with 
equipment, and has a strong back.

Position:  Chief Surgeon

Job Description:  Performs all surgery necessary to connect the patient to 
heart-lung machine.

Requirements:  Extensive experience in cardiovascular surgery on either 
animals or humans.

    I want to fill these positions with people who are willing to put in 
significant amounts of time becoming professionals at what they do. I also 
want to point out that I need TWO people to train for each position so that 
a back-up will be available in the event of an emergency.


Good News

    Some good news is that we have done two suspensions without Jerry's 
skills being available to us.  Both went reasonably well, and the problems 
that have arisen so far are, in my opinion, unrelated to Jerry's absence.  
We have been fortunate that in both instances the surgical skills needed 
were available from our back-up surgeon.

    Finally, a word needs to be said about me and my role here during a 
suspension.  I am now Alcor Suspension Team Leader.  However, beyond the 
the "title" I wish to (sadly) point out that I am now also the only person 
at Alcor who has both the necessary width and depth of understanding of 
cryonic suspension (as we currently practice it) to be able to supervise a 
suspension and insure that everything happens as it should.

    This is an especially unfortunate situation for me, since if I need 
suspending I am liable to get a pretty crummy ride the way things are now.  
I am thus highly motivated to CHANGE this situation.

    There will be no easy way to do this.  Both Jerry and I had not only 
the medical background, but years of experience, training and independent 
study in medicine, cryobiology, and the physiology of hypothermia/ 
cryoprotective perfusion.  What will be needed to replace both Jerry and me 
is an individual with a solid medical background, a deep love of cryonics 
and a willingness to spend inordinate amounts of time learning the job of 
Suspension Team Leader.  That means countless hours spent in the lab, 
countless more hours spent doing suspensions, and a deep desire for 
economic punishment in the bargain.  Are there any takers?

    If there aren't, each and every one of you needs to understand the 
likely consequences.  Sooner or later I will be ill or otherwise 
unavailable.  Then it will be your turn to be the man on the bubble and 
hope it doesn't burst.
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                                     (7)


For the Record

by Michael Perry

Fyodorov, the Grandfather of Immortalism

    Imagine yourself, a good end-of-the-20th-century cryonicist, suddenly 
flung by a twist of black magic into the 19th century.  It is the era of 
the horse and buggy.  Radios, TVs, computers -- all are dreams of the 
future, for the few who dare to dream so far.  Telephones, electric lights, 
automobiles -- the province of a few eccentric tinkers, at best.  There is 
no cryonics.

    Maybe, with great presence of mind, you would arrange to have your 
brain preserved in formaldehyde, upon your demise, in hopes that some 
information would get through to the future, probably a forlorn hope as far 
as memories are concerned.  (Maybe, if you know a lot about chemical 
fixatives, you would arrange for other preservation, but that's 
presupposing knowledge that probably didn't exist at the time we're 
considering.)  In short, you face destruction, with no chance of reprieve.

    Everybody had to face this unhappy prospect, until a few short decades 
ago.  Not everybody was willing to go complacently, then as now.  There 
were many who could not accept that their lives must end after a brief 
interlude, and they pinned their hopes upon whatever seemed the safest 
prospect of deliverance -- generally, the intervention of a putative higher 
power.  This is the way it has been, in fact, for many centuries, perhaps 
as long as man has been on earth.  It is only in the latter half of the 
20th century, with the ever-growing avalanche of technological marvels, 
that other possible means of ending mortality are finally and reluctantly 
being widely considered.

    But in 19th century Russia, long before the advent of cryonics and the 
prospect of nanotechnology, there was a man who imagined solving the 
problem of mortality through science, and shaped a philosophy to fit.  His 
name:  Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov.  The science of his time was archaic 
by our standards, and his proposed methods seem far from workable to most 
scientists today.  However, considering the circumstances his achievement 
was remarkable indeed.  It foreshadowed the modern immortalist movement, 
with its much sounder technological base, and what is more remarkable, it 
offered a rationale and a program for an immortal society, that is simply 
without parallel in human thought.

    Fyodorov, who lived -- according to best available estimates -- from 
1828 to 1903, was a strange embodiment of many of the principles he 
espoused.  Reticent and self-effacing, he spent much of his early career as 
an itinerant schoolteacher and his later years as the librarian in the 
Rumiantsev Museum in Moscow, where he had access to much scientific and 
technical literature.  His lifestyle was a study in self-denial and a 
benevolent otherworldliness.  He never married;  he lived alone in a room 
the size of a closet with no furniture and only a humpbacked trunk for a 
bed.  His food consisted of hard rolls and tea, supplemented occasionally 
by an old piece of cheese or dried fish.  He spent nothing on 
entertainments or luxuries.  His salary was meager.

    Nevertheless he consistently aided penniless students, even as he 
resolutely turned down positions of greater authority and income.  And, 
though he possessed no degrees, his knowledge was encyclopedic;  
authorities from many fields consulted him as an equal or superior.  At the 
museum Fyodorov had contact with many of the leading intellectuals of the 
day, along with younger scholars whom he befriended and instructed without 
pay.  The most famous of his pupils was the pioneering Soviet space 
scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.

    Fyodorov was deeply concerned about the problems of human existence, 
and saw injustices pressing from many sides.  Much of this concern no doubt 
stemmed from personal experience.  The illegitimate son of a Russian 
nobleman, he spent his earliest years in plenty, but the father's death 
when the boy was about four thrust the young family, including several 
other children, into poverty.  Many years later Fyodorov would write:

    From the years of childhood three memories remain clear to me:  I saw 
    black, very black bread, on which (I heard people say) the peasants 
    fed in what was probably some year of famine.  From childhood I heard
    an explanation of war (to my question about it) that put me in 
    terrible confusion:  in war people shoot each other.  And, finally, I 
    learned that some people are not one's kin but strangers, and even 
    one's kin are not kin but strangers.

    Fyodorov became concerned about 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                     (8)


the problems of hunger, war, and lack of feelings of kinship among 
humanity.  The death of his father and the privations it brought must have 
also underscored the need, somehow, to redress the problem of death.  
Fyodorov, like many before and since, longed for a world of peace, harmony, 
and freedom from sickness and mortality.  But what was to be done, given 
the way the world actually was?

    He then hit upon a fantastic idea:  to use the powers of science to 
solve all of men's problems, including even the problem of death.  The 
latter goal in fact became the cornerstone of his whole program:  he 
proposed nothing short of restoring to life everyone who had ever died.  
(In doing this he did not break entirely with religion, but felt it a moral 
obligation for man to use his God-given powers in solving this one great 
problem, from which the solution of other problems would follow.)  
Resurrection in fact was seen as the great "common task" that would unite 
mankind in a society of eternal brotherhood, a position that was defended 
at great length in his writings.  Though it would restore the bad along 
with the good, Fyodorov regarded an evil nature as a curable affliction; 
thus everyone would benefit in the end.  The methods he proposed for 
resurrection would not inspire the scientist of today, but were not 
inconsistent with what was then known about the world.

    Briefly, his main rationale was as follows.  All things are made of 
atoms, particles whose motions were apparently predictable given sufficient 
information about their positions and velocities.  Such predictions were 
routinely made about planetary motions, for example.  Along with 
predictions it was possible to make retrodictions and determine what had 
happened in the past.  If this same principle could be extended to the 
atomic level, it would be possible to determine history in minutest 
detail.  At death decomposition causes the atoms of the body to dissipate 
again into the environment.  But by retrodicting with sufficient precision, 
we would obtain enough information to trace the paths of the atoms back to 
their positions in the living individual.  No known instruments could 
accomplish this;  microscopes were far too crude, for example, but it was 
assumed that more powerful tools would be developed in the future.  
Similarly, although no known devices could manipulate atoms individually, 
such devices would be perfected with time, so that the atoms could be 
placed in their correct positions to actually carry out a resurrection.

    There were many difficulties, of course;  what to do, for example, if 
the same atoms occurred in more than one individual at different times.  
More serious, from the standpoint of more recent physics, is the problem 
that the motion of atoms cannot be traced with arbitrary precision;  this 
is a consequence of the Uncertainty Principle.  Information can be lost, 
and thus the past is not completely recoverable.  (Some possible means of 
dealing with this loss of information have been explored by a small circle 
of latter-day Fyodorov enthusiasts, including the present writer, but the 
proposed solutions are not the sort that would be implemented anytime 
soon.)

    Fyodorov's great project thus is not a realistic one for our time.  But 
something similar is being attempted, on a small scale, through the modern 
cryonics movement.  Like Fyodorov, we are depending on future advances to 
complete our task.  But unlike him we have a specific procedure, cryonic 
suspension, which is a necessary part of that task, and which, if all goes 
well, will assure its completion within a century or two.

Sources:

Holquist, M.  "The Philosophical Bases of Soviet Space Exploration" The Key 
Reporter Winter 1985-1986, 2.

Young, G. M. Jr.Nikolai F. Fedorov: an Introduction Nordland, 1979. [The 
quote from Fyodorov appears on p.18.]

Zakydalsky, T. N. F. Fyodorov's Philosophy of Physical Resurrection Ph.D. 
Dissertation, Bryn Mawr College, 1976.


Life Extension

by Steven B. Harris, M.D.

    On July 10, Alcor Vice-President and chief surgeon Jerry D. Leaf 
experienced chest pain at dinner, and decided it was indigestion.  It 
wasn't.  Within a relatively short time he collapsed at home and could not 
be resuscitated.  He was 50 years old.

    Jerry was a long-time heavy smoker whose mental projection of his own 
demise involved chronic lung disease and perhaps lung cancer.  All that was 
supposed to be in the middle-distant future, though.  Those of us who were 
Jerry's friends tried to get him to pay more attention to his health in the 
meantime, but we were unsuccessful.  I cannot be certain even now how 
important that failure was, for I cannot prove that Jerry's health habits 
were to blame for what finally happened to him.  Still, the probability is 
high that this relatively young man was not the victim of a freak 
occurrence, for we know that 75% of apparently healthy men who suffer 
sudden death without warning are identifiable before the fact by the 
presence of two or more health risk factors for cardiac disease.

    Jerry was (and is) an adventurer who chose to live his life in a 
certain way, and it is not my place to criticize the trade-offs he made in 
this (indeed I have no objective basis for doing so, for freedom is 
different things to different people).  Nor can I presume to know what 
Jerry would have done about his smoking even if he had been given the 
chance to see the present;  some of his friends suggest that it is quite 
possible that he might do exactly the same.  Now that Jerry is safely in 
cryonic suspension, however, I do not believe he would mind if I use his 
experience to illustrate for his fellow cryonicists the medical advice 
which he himself chose not to follow, but from which other people with 
different tastes may still benefit.

    Lesson for this month's medical essay:  cigarettes kill.  Not only do 
they kill, but they often kill in ways that involve more ischemia to the 
brain -- the average cryonicist's worst nightmare.  The reason for this is 
that cigarettes are not just "cancer sticks" (as I recently heard yet 
another Alcor smoker refer to them) but also "heart attack sticks."  
Cigarettes may 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                     (9)


** DIAGRAM SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"Age-specific death rates from coronary heart disease per 100,000 persons 
by age, sex, and smoking status."

**

kill 120,000 Americans each year as a result of lung cancer, but a fact 
less well known is that they also kill roughly that same number of 
additional people as a result of smoking-induced heart disease.  The result 
is that smokers not only live lives that are statistically 11 years 
shorter, but at the end of their shorter lives, if they are cryonicists, 
they often get suspensions that are incomparably worse.

    Heart disease, you see, is insidious:  it may present no symptoms at 
all -- right up until the time you topple over.  Up to one fifth of all 
people ultimately discovered to have heart disease get their first and only 
clinical manifestation of disease (we can't call it a warning) in the form 
of their own sudden death.  Such a case was Jerry's.  In this country some 
200,000 people each year suffer essentially instantaneous death without 
trauma or warning, and the majority of such patients on autopsy are found 
to have diffuse coronary (heart) arterial disease, involving at least two 
out of three major cardiac vessels.  In this context we know that even a 
one pack-a-day smoking habit increases the chance of developing heart 
disease by a factor of three (men seem to be more vulnerable at all ages), 
and we also know that the chance of sudden death is increased by a similar 
factor in male smokers aged 35 to 54.

    It isn't clear how cigarettes do this.  It is suspected that some 
noxious chemical(s) in cigarette smoke (as of a few years ago, over 3000 
paralysis products had been found in tobacco smoke) damages the thin layer 
of epithelial cells that makes up the inner lining of arteries.  In the 
short term, the health of the epithelium of an artery is necessary to 
prevent spasm of the tiny muscles inside the artery wall.  Such a spasm may 
cause a blood clot at the spasm site which may interrupt blood flow, 
causing an M.I. or "myocardial infarction" (death of part of the heart 
wall), also loosely called a heart attack.  In the long term, smoke-related 
damage to the epithelium of arteries also seems to help trigger off the 
process called atherosclerosis, in which artery walls develop fatty tumors 
which also impede blood flow and contribute to spasm and clot.  As if this 
weren't enough, smoking raises blood pressure and cholesterol levels, which 
contribute to vessel disease, and smoking also causes changes in blood 
platelets, which encourages not only the formation of clots, but also 
perhaps atherosclerosis.

    When an M.I. occurs, a great many things happen to the heart, but the 
most dangerous effect is that if a large enough section of the heart wall 
dies, or if the electrical organization of the heart is sufficiently 
deranged (smoking decreases arrhythmia thresholds), the heart simply quits 
effective beating.  When this happens, unconsciousness ensues in ten or 15 
seconds, and brain damage which is irreversible at present levels of 
technology begins in five to ten minutes.  Cardiopulmonary resuscitation 
(CPR), if instituted, can hold off this damage for a few minutes, but it 
becomes ineffective at maintaining blood flow to the brain very quickly.  
The sad fact is that less than half of the people who suffer M.I. make it 
to the hospital alive.

    For the fraction of people who suffer cardiac arrest outside the 
hospital the chances are particularly grim -- less than a one in four 
chance of surviving the episode, even in cities with the best of paramedic 
programs.  In addition, cryonicists who suffer sudden cardiac arrest face a 
threat unique to them:  a period of warm brain ischemia which, because of 
surprise circumstances, often continues for a long period after the 
question of immediate resuscitation is no longer an issue.  To return to 
our illustrative case, we find that Jerry Leaf ironically suffered several 
hours more warm ischemic time than the best-case suspensions which he/Alcor 
had done in the past, and even so (considering the physical insult) was 
incredibly lucky to have done no worse than he did.  (Ed. Note:  Jerry 
suffered 6 hours of ischemia at temperatures above 20�C, plus another 5 
hours of "cold" ischemia while cooling from 20�C to 2�C, before perfusion 
began.)  Jerry, you see, suffered a witnessed arrest not far from a 
hospital, and did get CPR.  But he might just as easily have suffered 
cardiac arrest while asleep, with the fact not discovered until morning.  
Or he might have suffered his M.I. while driving at high speed, or even 
while SCUBA-diving off the coast of Hawaii or traveling in a foreign 
country (both of which he did recently).

** DIAGRAM SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"Annual death rate per 100,000 from coronary heart disease by age, 
cigarette-smoking status, and number of cigarettes smoked per day, U.S. 
veterans study."

**
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (10)


** DIAGRAM SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"Percent of Slides with Lesions Showing 60% or More Atypical Cells."

**

    The above are not even the worst-case possibilities, cryonics-wise, for 
the person with a surprise cardiac arrest.  For one thing, sudden deaths 
are routinely autopsied (Jerry escaped, but that can't be counted on).  
Just as devastating a possibility for the cryonicist is suffering cardiac 
arrest but being resuscitated after prolonged ischemic insult to the 
brain.  In such circumstances the heart continues to beat, while the brain 
(which continues to suffer ischemic injury long after the initial insult 
because of micro-circulatory damage) continues to degenerate at body 
temperature.  The result is a doomed and comatose person stuck on a 
ventilator ("life-support") who has fewer neurons every hour, but who has, 
until brain death or the passage of some time, almost no legal options.  
Because the heart is unfortunately so much more amenable to resuscitation 
than the brain, this scenario is quite common -- nearly every large ICU has 
more than one such case (for example, actor James Franciscus, a smoker who 
died in July, suffered this fate).  Yet another class of ventilator-
dependent people with severely damaged and even destroyed brains, often 
found in ICUs, are severe stroke victims.  Smoking is a risk factor for 
stroke, too.  The bottom line to all of this is that smoking can kill you 
Dead with a capital D, even if you are a cryonicist.

    There are a great many other reasons not to smoke, of course. Female 
smokers suffer a higher incidence of wrinkled skin, osteoporosis, earlier 
menopause, and (recent studies show) late-life incontinence.  Elderly and 
middle-aged male smokers do not escape their own set of problems, including 
a far higher incidence of impotence than nonsmokers -- a testament to the 
fact that healthy medium-sized arteries are important to the function of 
more organs than just the heart and brain.  All these pathologies, however, 
are beyond the scope of this essay.  I write here mainly of the length of 
life, not the quality of it.

    A man is no younger than his arteries, and cigarettes are the perfect 
artery damaging tool.  The good news, however, is that apparently some of 
the damage is reversible in surprisingly short order when a person stops 
smoking.  When a smoker quits, most of his excess risk for M.I. disappears 
within one to two years, and a disproportionate amount of the risk which 
disappears is the increased risk for sudden death.  (This is in contrast to 
the excess risk of lung cancer, which goes away with a "half-life" of seven 
years).  The two year figure for MI has not been explained, and is a little 
bit odd.  Probably it is too long to be explained by postulating that any 
noxious toxin is being washed out of the body, but on the other hand it is 
too short an interval to imagine that anything is happening to full-blown 
atherosclerotic disease in arteries (which regresses very slowly indeed 
even under the best of circumstances).  It is a good bet that something is 
being healed on this time-frame, and one possible candidate is the 
epithelial lining of arteries discussed above.  Another possibility is that 
it takes the catecholaminergic endocrine system (which is revved up by 
smoking and which is involved in producing heart arrhythmias and high blood 
pressure) more than a year to wind down.  Whatever the mechanism, however, 
the relatively immediate salutary effect of quitting on cardiac mortality 
risk is unquestioned.

    It is never too late, then, to quit smoking -- or to help someone you 
love quit.  There are many possible ways to do this which I won't detail 
here.  I recommend only that, if you need to don't hesitate to enroll 
yourself or someone you love in a smoking cessation program (a general rule 
of thumb in medicine is that when you're sure of your problem, see as 
specialized a person as you can get).  The problem for most smokers is not 
that they could not quit if they marshalled all resources -- most could.  
The problem for most smokers is that they are addicted to a drug, and not 
wanting to admit this to themselves or anyone else, have found a number of 
complex ways to rationalize not attempting to fight.

    There is a self-serving but irrational view to tempt every human 
being.  One of the most common ones to have if you are a smoker is to 
fixate on some other smoker who is a lot older than you are, and imagine 
that there is some Law of Nature that forbids you to die until you are at 
least as old as that.  (Jerry's father, a smoker in poor health, is still 
alive -- Jerry and I talked about him often.  Younger smokers at Alcor I 
think looked to Jerry himself as a totem).  Another favorite view among 
smokers seems to be that if you freely admit that cigarettes are going to 
kill you eventually, then the Cigarette God, mollified at having His 
sovereignty recognized, will agree not to take you just yet.  Yet another 
rationalization is that "You've got to die of something," and that it 
doesn't particularly matter much what.  For cryonicists who care about 
their brains, this last is a particularly bad idea, as I hope I've 
successfully argued.

    There's very little more I can add.  I can only throw up my hands and 
wish all well who struggle with the smoking problem.  Keep trying.  In 
future columns I will have more to add about the other risk factors for 
heart disease and sudden death.  In the meantime, I hope that the reader 
will forgive me for the slightly emotional tone of this article as regards 
this one particular risk factor.  When it comes to smoking, emotional 
reactions are an occupational disease of physicians.  Oscar London, M.D., a 
well known San Francisco internist and writer, has this advice to his 
patients:  "If you drink, don't drive;  if you smoke, don't bother wearing 
your seat belt."  Dr. London is being a bit facetious, but I understand the 
sentiment perfectly.  I loathe cigarettes -- I cannot begin to adequately 
say how much.  Every internist does; all of us have seen too many horrible 
things happen to our patients as a result of smoking.

    And all of us have lost too many friends that way.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (11)


Future Tech

Near-Term Nanotech

by H. Keith Henson

    One of the most common questions I hear from people interested in 
nanotechnology is, "Where can I invest in nanotechnology?"  (Another one is 
where do I get a job in . . . ?)  Mostly you can't, because speculation has 
outrun technology.  This situation may be about to change.  As reported 
elsewhere in this issue of Cryonics, IBM researchers used a scanning 
tunneling microscope (STM) to demonstrate a single-atom memory switch.  
Turning this demonstration into practical products is not likely anytime 
soon, but it is sure to be a major goal, stimulating other companies to R&D 
investment in the STM/nanotechnology area.

    The expansion of research in this area opens a market for improved STM 
tools.  One might be an "aerial mapper" for surfaces at the nanometer 
scale.  Remember about a year ago the xenon-atoms-on-nickel spelling of 
"IBM"?  If a five-cent piece were blown up to the size of the earth's disk, 
the letters would have been 10 feet high.  Can you imagine finding a single 
signboard somewhere on earth from space?  If the IBM researchers had lost 
the spot they were working on, they never would have found their way back 
by random search.  There is a simply mind-boggling amount of area when you 
look at a surface with the resolution a scanning tunneling microscope 
provides.

    A zoom and pan method with ways to find interesting places again by 
coordinate reference would be useful.  Part of the problem is the small 
range of motion which can be obtained from an STM tip.  If you want to look 
at more, you have to unlock the substrate and mechanically move it.  
Perhaps an automatic stepped scan of a surface while generating a map from 
overlapping images would be the best way to locate interesting features or 
relocate work sites.

    Besides locating something, we need methods to move things "long" 
distances across scanned surfaces.  Perhaps a robust version of the STM 
tips, or a miniature overhead crane, though a large range of motion tends 
to be incompatible with vibration resistance.  Perhaps something akin to a 
conveyer belt could be made.

    Another problem is "getting a handle" on prototype nanotech devices.  
Workers who build micro-machined gears from silicon already have this 
problem.  One sneeze and a month's work is gone.  Nanoscale stuff is even 
worse; it is more likely to wind up in your lungs than on the floor.

    One possible solution might be to build (or self-assemble) a few types 
of nanoscale devices on top of silicon "handles."  This is a natural-
feeling tactic, approaching an objective by starting "somewhere near" in 
scale.  How far apart are conventional micro circuits and the nanotech 
realm?  "State of the art" for the smallest wires to be found on commercial 
integrated circuits is around 1 micron (10-6 meter, or a thousand 
nanometers).  It is hard to do, but electron beams can make features on 
silicon surfaces as small as 10 nanometers, and conductive features as 
small as one nanometer have been made with STM tips.  The size of a 
ribosome (the molecular machine in our cells which reads RNA "tape" and 
assembles proteins) is about 10 nanometers, so there may be enough overlap 
in the two ranges to be useful.

    A short explanation of the protein-making process will help in 
understanding the following proposal:  mRNA ("messenger" RNA) is copied 
from DNA, a process facilitated by a group of proteins.  In eukaryotic 
cells (ones with a nucleus) the mRNA undergoes an editing process where 
parts of it are discarded.  It migrates (or perhaps it is pushed) from the 
nucleus to the cytoplasm of a cell, and there encounters ribosomes, and an 
environment including transfer RNA (tRNA).   A ribosome needs only mRNA and 
loaded transfer RNA to make proteins -- amino acids strung together in a 
specific order.  The mRNA fits into a grove on one side of a ribosome, a 
tRNA loaded with an amino acid on one end diffuses in to mate with a 
complementary three-nucleic acid pattern.  The tRNA then wraps around the 
ribosome, and attaches its amino acid to the growing protein chain.  The 
ribosome ratchets the mRNA forward three nucleic acids, and the actions are 
repeated.  A few 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (12)


of the 64 possible codes are used for "start" and "stop" signals;  the rest 
specify one of the 20 coded amino acids.  The protein-making process is 
under several levels of control starting with what parts of a cell's DNA 
gets mRNA copies of it made.  To a great extent, what proteins a cell makes 
determines what kind of cell it is.

    An (entirely hypothetical) method to read RNA might be to get ribosomes 
to stick to a prepared silicon surface, perhaps using antibodies to link 
them to a site consisting of three or four carefully spaced fine conductors 
on the surface.  (Incidentally, I have no idea how to stick one end of 
antibodies to a conductor, or even if they and the ribosome conduct well 
enough to be used for this purpose.)  The physical contortions a ribosome 
goes through while adding another amino acid to a growing protein chain 
might result in a detectable signal in the form of changed tunneling 
current through a ribosome bound to conducting pads on the surface.  There 
would be little noise pickup if the amplifiers were fabricated out of 
nearby silicon.  If there were enough signal differences, the types of 
amino acids could be determined.  If not, transfer RNAs holding different 
amino acids could be washed over the ribosome in sequence until there is an 
indication one was added to the chain.

    Such a device would constitute a crude gene reader.  Refinements might 
permit reading DNA directly instead of RNA copies.  There is a known market 
for such a device, or rather for the gene data itself.  The human genome 
project alone is a multi-billion dollar effort expected to take decades 
with current technology.

    A very small piece of silicon could have thousands of sites on it.  
"Fabrication" would involve dipping the surface in antibodies and then in 
suspended ribosomes.  Even if 99% of the ribosomes were damaged or failed 
to work, electronics in the silicon could distinguish the working ones from 
the damaged ones.  The silicon could incorporate signal processing elements 
up to a microprocessor.

    While I don't see such a product leading directly to general purpose 
replicating assemblers, it would be a useful and perhaps profitable first 
stage product, sparking commercial interest in the area.

    Next time I might consider how rapidly we might go from a world with 
little or no nanotechnology to one almost entirely dependent on it.


Stirring Up a Hornet's Nest?

by Allen J. Lopp

    Recent events indicate that gaining the attention of the state 
legislature by cryonics advocates may be easier than we expected.  I'm not 
sure that's good news.

    Any bill relating to cryonics would probably first be examined by one 
of two legislative committees that deal with health issues, either the 
Senate Health and Human Services Committee or the Assembly Health 
Committee.  Knowing this, I concluded that likely legislators to write to 
first about cryonics would be the members of these two committees.  So in 
June and July I wrote to the chairpersons of these two committees, Senator 
Diane Watson and Assemblyman Bruce Bronzan.  This may have been a wise 
move, or this may have been like swatting a hornet's nest.

    I have yet to hear from Bronzan's office or the Assembly Health 
Committee.  But in July I received a message on my home answering machine 
from a Ms. Jillian Kong, who works with the Senate Health and Human 
Services Committee.  Before returning her call, I talked to Carlos 
Mondragon to get the latest on Alcor's court cases -- they were sure to be 
central topics in my talk with Ms. Kong.

    I learned from Carlos that he had already talked with her, and had an 
extended phone conversation in which he covered the basics of the court 
cases and the various indirect ways that cryonics organizations are already 
regulated.

    When I talked with Jillian Kong, we covered basically the same issues.  
In addition, she asked what legislative need there was relating to 
cryonics.  I responded that I wasn't sure there is any need for 
legislation, but that I was concerned that the DHS or other state officials 
might approach the legislature about making cryonics illegal.  Thus, I was 
writing to Senator Watson and other legislators to see what their response 
would be to such an approach.  Moreover, I wanted to point out that at 
least three superior court decisions have found that cryonic suspension is 
a constitutional right under the privacy provisions of the California state 
constitution -- thus, an outright ban of cryonics is not appropriate, and 
if enacted might be found to be unconstitutional.

    As the conversation closed, I asked if she had any feedback from 
Senator Watson about her initial stance on cryonics.  She said she didn't 
have any such feedback.

    Still, it was clear that Watson had decided that cryonics was worth 
extensively researching.  Similar research was done in 1989 by a staffer 
for Senate pro tem David Roberti, and it resulted in the most thoughtful 
response I have received from any of my letters to legislators.  Generally, 
I think the research work by legislative offices 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (13)


is a good thing, but it is risky because there is no guarantee they will 
not evaluate something they uncover in a negative light.  Admittedly, Alcor 
and other cryonics groups have made our mistakes -- but then, so have 
savings and loans, insurance companies, stock brokerage houses, airlines, 
railroads, pharmaceutical companies, etc., etc.

    When I precipitate such an investigation, I try to remain optimistic -- 
but paranoia always sets in.  (I sometimes hope that a rational control of 
my own paranoia might be one of the few good things that old age bestows 
upon me.) I tend to have visions of state legislators running up a 
Transylvanian mountainside holding burning torches far above their heads, 
pounding on the heavy wooden doors of the dusty stone castle, insisting 
that the frozen humans inside deserve a Christian grave and that they be 
allowed to commence their eternal Rest In Peace without delay.  On the 
other side of the heavy wooden doors is Allen Lopp, pounding away 
frantically on his little word processor, and cursing himself for buying 
that prime rib dinner instead of another roll of 29-cent stamps.

    I decided to offer to go to Sacramento and have a personal visit with 
Jillian Kong.  She accepted.

    The visit covered the same ground yet again, including another review 
of the difference between legal death, clinical death, and biological 
death.  It included my nervous explanation that biological death has no 
clear thresholds, since we don't know at what instant acceptable recovery 
of identity becomes theoretically impossible.  And what is "acceptable" 
recovery of identity?  Yet, I asserted, an optimum suspension performed 
immediately after declaration of legal death is clearly deserving of 
rational hope, and our goal is that some day most suspensions might fit 
into this category.

    Ms. Kong's questions were quite intelligent, and if they were 
repetitive, I got the impression that some of that was testing whether I 
would give the same answers every time, and also checking that the info I 
gave her jibed with other sources.  She took copious notes.  I did not wish 
to bury her with literature, so I left her with copies of the letters on 
cryonics I have received from other legislators, a copy of Ben Best's 
article about how cryonics was banned in British Columbia (to justify my 
desire to educate legislators about cryonics), and a copy of Alcor's 
informational booklet, "Cryonics:  Reaching for Tomorrow."

    She was guarded in the information she gave me, but she did say that 
Senator Watson indicated that cryonics is an area where legislation is 
probably necessary.  She said that she did not get messages from the 
Department of Health Services or the Attorney General's office that either 
state entity feels that cryonics should be illegal, only that the DHS does 
not want to be responsible for allowing an activity which current law does 
not address and which could later result in bad situations.  (This was 
clearly an allusion to the Chatsworth disaster, although neither of us 
directly discussed Chatsworth.)

    She said that everyone all around sees that if new legislation 
addressed cryonics, then the DHS case would become unnecessary.  She 
appeared careful not to even imply that that legislation would necessarily 
support cryonics.  She did, however, again ask me that if legislation were 
necessary, what would I like for that legislation to be.

    I listed four points:  1) A clear statement that cryonic suspension is 
a legal disposition for humans that have been declared legally dead (I left 
it at that even though we did discuss Thomas Donaldson's case briefly);  2) 
Disclosure requirements ensuring that prospective cryonics clients are told 
that cryonics is not a sure thing, and prohibiting a cryonics organization 
from making fraudulent promises, such as that revival is certain;  3) A 
clear mechanism for a person who wishes to be suspended to transfer control 
of their body to a cryonics organization (I discussed the intricacies of 
the UAGA at this point);  4) A way that deaths which are coroner's cases 
can be handled without unacceptably compromising the cryonic suspension of 
those individuals.

    Finally, I asked once again if I could expect a reply from Senator 
Watson, and she said she couldn't promise that because that is Senator 
Watson's decision.

    What will come of all this?  I don't know!  It might result in nothing 
at all, and it might result in a bill addressing cryonics.  Watson may 
simply be getting all the facts before deciding what her action will be, 
which is an admirable approach.  Or she may have already concluded that 
cryonics is suspicious at best, and she is out collecting ammunition -- in 
which case a bill addressing cryonics may be imminent, and might be not at 
all to our liking.  Time will tell.

    (By the way, I shared with Ms. Kong that, as of May, Alcor has 239 
Suspension Members, 211 in the sign-up process, and 17 members in 
suspension.  While in Sacramento I bought the California Political Almanac 
which says the Department of Health Services has 5,232 employees and an 
annual budget of $13.3 billion.  Maybe I better buy an extra roll of 
stamps....) Are you willing to help?  Now would be a wonderful time for 
cryonicists to write to Senator Watson about our desire for cryonics to 
remain legal and available -- and especially cryonicists who live in 
Watson's district.  She represents Senate District 28, which includes 
Inglewood, Hawthorne, Lawndale, Venice, Marina Del Rey, and LAX.  You may 
want to thank her for her interest in cryonics and her responsiveness to my 
inquiries.  Write her at this address:

    The Honorable Diane Watson
    California State Senate
    4040 State Capitol
    Sacramento, CA 95814

    If you don't have time to write, call her Sacramento office at (916) 
445-5215.  Just explain that you have been told that she is researching 
cryonics, that you wish to thank her for her interest, and that you wish 
for cryonic suspension to remain legal and available in California.

                                 *    *    *

    On a separate matter, I would like to thank Marce Johnson for writing 
her state senator, Marian Bergeson, and for forwarding Senator Bergeson's 
reply to me.  Bergeson said that "there is no legislation relating to 
cryogenics [sic] pending in the State Legislature.  However, should such 
legislation be introduced, I will certainly keep your comments in mind."

    I have come to realize that such a response is about the most that one 
can reasonably expect from an initial letter about cryonics.  Legislators 
simply don't always have a position instantly on everything -- and this is 
especially true for a complex issue such as cryonics, which is a real head-
scratcher for a lot of people.  Obviously, you cannot tell them everything 
they need to consider about cryonics in a short one-page letter.  Thus, do 
not expect your representatives to be instant allies.  It will be necessary 
to educate these folks, and that will take time, effort and tender loving 
care.  Senator Bergeson's response is a good first step.

    By the way, Senator Bergeson sits on the Senate Health and Human 
Services Committee also.

    Good work, Marce, and thanks for helping!
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (14)


A Plea for Inflation-Proof Cryonic Financing

by Ben Best

Inflation

    Inflation is an economic reality for every nation in the world.  As 
long as governments control the money supply and the central banks, this 
situation will continue into the foreseeable future.  It is therefore 
urgently necessary that cryonic financing take cognizance of this fact.

    Inflation is an increase in the supply of money relative to the supply 
of useful goods and services which money can buy.  A massive crop failure 
or massive government diversion of economic resources to the production of 
useless goods and services can cause inflation even if there is a decline 
in money supply.  Government expansion of money supply, however, is a more 
common cause -- most crudely when governments resort to printing large 
amounts of money as a significant means of financing themselves.  Taxes, 
government debt, and foreign-exchange policies will also contribute.  
Moderate expansion of money supply is frequently justified by government 
economists as being necessary for economic growth.  However, in the period 
from 1980 to 1987, the average annual inflation for Brazil was 166.3%, for 
Israel 159.0%, for Canada 5.0%, for the United States 4.3%, for West 
Germany 2.9% and for Japan 1.4%.  It is doubtful that inflation creates 
anything but an illusory increase in prosperity.  In recent years, some 
South American countries have had annual inflations in excess of 1000%.  
From 1926 to 1987, the average annual inflation in the United States was 
3.2%.  If the past is a predictor of the future, a 5% annual inflation 
might be a conservative assumption for financial planning over the next 60 
years.  But there are no guarantees that government policies and economic 
conditions will not radically change.


Inflation-Proof Financing for Suspension Members

    Minimum cryonic suspension funding arrangements might make it appear 
that a person is contracting for the delivery of future goods and services 
at a fixed price.  But consider the effect of 5% inflation.  In 10 years, 
$41,000 set aside for neurosuspension will be worth about $25,000, in 25 
years will be worth about $11,000 and in 50 years will be worth about 
$3,000 -- in current dollars.  With double-digit inflation, the results 
could be far worse.  For Alcor to agree to do neurosuspensions for the 
equivalent of $3,000 when Alcor's costs are $41,000 would be to threaten 
the survival of all members.  For the same reason, "grandfathering" (not 
raising suspension minimums for old members when inflation requires price 
increases) is very dangerous.  If prospective new members are asked to 
subsidize the "grandfathers," those prospects may decide to find or create 
a cryonics organization charging market-level prices.

    Point 8 of the Warranties and Limits of Liability section of Alcor's 
Cryonic Suspension Agreement states that "Alcor does not warrant that the 
minimum required amount of the Suspension Fund will be adequate to pay for 
the Patient's cryonic suspension and maintenance."  The Alcor Cryonic 
Suspension Agreement is not a contract to deliver suspension services at 
every future date in exchange for the amount of the current minimum funding 
requirement.  Nor should it be.

    At the beginning of 1991, minimum funding requirements were increased 
from $100,000 and $35,000 to $120,000 and $41,000 for whole-body and neuro 
patients respectively -- a 20% increase.  With inflation averaging 5% per 
year in twentieth-century America, we should expect a similar increase 
roughly every four years.  In the 1991 minimum funding increase, Alcor 
chose to "grandfather" existing members at their original funding levels -- 
meaning that existing members minimum funding requirements did not increase 
to $120,000 and $41,000.  But there is no guarantee that this policy will 
be applied to future minimum funding increases.  Alcor has no general 
policy which would automatically include grandfathering in any future price 
increase.

    Of course it could happen that a large growth in suspension members 
could result in tremendous economies of scale.  Technological advances 
could make costs drop.  Although labor costs would prevent suspension costs 
from dropping as dramatically as the costs of computer hardware, the impact 
could still be considerable.  But it would be dangerous to count on such an 
eventuality.  Since our lives are at stake, an inflation-conscious 
conservative fiscal policy is far more prudent.

    Alcor cannot remain on a sound fiscal footing without regular increases 
in minimum funding to keep up with inflation -- and without abandoning the 
policy of grandfathering.  It follows, then, that with each increase in 
minimum funding, Alcor must tell its members whose funding falls below the 
minimum that they must either increase their funding or have their 
suspension agreement terminated.  For an aging Alcor member with declining 
income and an eroded capacity to make increased insurance arrangements, 
this process would be terrifying.  For Alcor, the administrative costs of 
this procedure might be difficult, the emotional costs would be wrenching 
and the loss of members would be devastating.

    A common plea to deal with this situation is to increase the minimum 
funding to some astronomical level.  For example, if a member expects to 
die in 50 years, a $1.4 million life insurance policy will have a real 
value of $120,000 in 50 years at 5% inflation.  There are many problems 
with this "solution."  For one thing, it is very expensive.  If the member 
dies in 25 years, a lot of money will have been wasted on insurance.  And 
if the member dies in 60 years, the insurance will probably be inadequate.  
The insurance 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (15)


will also probably be inadequate if average inflation exceeds 5% in the 50 
years.  To have spent great amounts of money on insurance, only to see the 
expected benefits destroyed by hyperinflation would be devastating.


One Possible Scheme

    Consider an alternative approach.  Suspension funding arrangements 
could consist of a two-part program:  (1) an Insurance Policy Minimum-Fund 
(IPMF), and (2) a Contributed-Capital Minimum-Fund (CCMF).  IPMF offers 
protection against near-term death with insufficient funding.  CCMF offers 
protection against inflation and loss of insurability or earning-power with 
age.  The cryonic suspension agreement could require that IPMF plus CCMF 
add up to the $120,000 Minimum Funding (MF) in 1991 dollars, as determined 
by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).  The capital plus interest in the CCMF 
would always be enough to offset the loss of the value due to the inflation 
of the IPMF.

    For example, suppose that Alcor did have the requirement that MF be 
$120,000 in 1991 dollars.  If a member so chose, he or she could 
immediately give Alcor $120,000 to be placed in the CCMF (no IPMF).  If 
Alcor invests this money in inflation-resistant assets, the amount in CCMF 
should remain at least equal to $120,000 1991 dollars despite any passage 
of time or any rate of inflation (although an initial amount above MF would 
be a prudent way of increasing protection).

    A 40-year old might opt to begin suspension arrangements with a 
$160,000 IPMF and contribute 2,000 1991 dollars per year to CCMF.  In less 
than 20 years, the growth through interest of the CCMF could exceed the 
attrition through inflation of the value of the IPMF.  Thus, before the age 
of 60, the member could stop paying-into CCMF and be ensured of an MF that 
is greater than 120,000 1991 dollars for the rest of his or her life.

    For younger members, larger IPMFs and smaller initial contributions to 
CCMF will probably be the most suitable.  Each member would tailor the 
financing according to age, income, neuro or whole-body arrangements and 
other factors.  Although this plan might seem like an administrative 
nightmare, a fully-computerized system might be fairly smooth-flowing.

    One objection that might be raised against the IPMF/CCMF plan is that 
Alcor should leave the ultimate funding responsibilities to the members.  
There may be concern over the responsibility of Alcor for the return on the 
CCMF and the desire of members to manage their own CCMF investments.  
Moreover, the added financial burden of CCMF may discourage some people 
from becoming members altogether.  But pricing cryonics below its true cost 
to gain additional members is a dangerous practice because eventually the 
prices must rise with inflation.  Either the fiscally dangerous policy of 
grandfathering will be applied, or underfunded members will be forced out 
(with much bitterness and nothing to show for their years and their cost of 
membership).  Putting the total cost on the table to present and 
prospective members -- both current cost and future costs due to inflation -
- is the most honest and comprehensive means of arranging cryonic funding.


Other Schemes

    The CCMF scheme amounts to a pre-payment for suspension services, since 
Alcor must manage the fund.  Many suspension members who are conscious of 
inflation currently buy an insurance policy which names Alcor as the 
beneficiary, and make additional financial arrangements on their own, for 
example a tax-sheltered retirement savings plan.  However, inflation-
conscious financial arrangements must ensure that Alcor is the owner or 
irrevocable beneficiary of all suspension financing, at least to the 
minimum funding levels.  This means that Alcor will eventually have to be 
the beneficiary not only of the insurance policy, but of the savings plan 
(or a portion of it -- a portion increasing with inflation).

    It would be nice to be able to maintain funding without placing an 
undue hardship upon oneself.  A suspension member who is gaining equity in 
a house by paying off a mortgage might prefer a plan which confers 
ownership of his/her portion of the house to Alcor.  This approach has the 
danger, however, of involving Alcor in the intimate personal and legal 
disputes of its members -- and of making Alcor appear to be a member-
controlling financial octopus comparable to the popular depiction of 
Scientology.

    Moreover, any financing scheme outside of insurance may present a 
problem for an elderly suspension member faced with few assets, declining 
health and no possibility of buying affordable life insurance.  With 
insurance benefits eroded by inflation and other financing going to medical 
bills, the member may be eventually unable to afford a suspension.  
Governments are becoming increasingly active in seizing personal funds to 
pay for medical bills -- and it may be difficult to justify ownership by 
Alcor of members' assets paid for services not yet delivered.

    Under such conditions, Alcor must, in order to survive, cope with the 
wrenching process of dissociating itself from members whose funding becomes 
inadequate.  An excessively intimate relationship with member finances 
could easily lead Alcor into costly lawsuits.  But Alcor must ensure that 
minimum funding is available before beginning a costly remote rescue and 
suspension.  This includes both insurance and non-insurance financing.  To 
complete a perfusion on the basis of inflation-eroded insurance and be 
forced to abandon the patient because maintenance funds are not available, 
would be awful for all concerned.

    Although there are no guarantees, a prudent combination of insurance 
and non-insurance financing will probably be adequate to protect most 
suspension members from inflation.  What is required by Alcor is an 
efficient mechanism for including non-insurance member financing into 
assured minimum funding when minimum funding price increases exceed 
insurance coverage.  Specifically, members must make some financial 
arrangements anticipating periodic inflationary increases in suspension 
minimum funding.  Also, Alcor must have the administrative machinery in 
place to verify or adjust the suspension minimum funding of members during 
the periodic increases necessitated by inflation (and modulated, hopefully, 
by increasing economies of scale).  Finally, Alcor must fully disclose to 
prospective members the dangers and responsibilities imposed by inflation 
so that members do not begin making suspension arrangements without 
awareness-of and preparation-for periodic minimum funding increases.


Investment

    The most compelling contemporary model for investment analysis is the 
Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) of William Sharpe and John Lintner (for 
which they recently won a Nobel Prize in Economics).  In CAPM there is a 
market for money, where "return" is the price paid for money.  "Return" 
will be interest for savings accounts, bonds and T-Bills (US Treasury 
Bills), and dividends plus price increase for stocks.  The greater the risk 
to 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (16)


an investor, the greater the return, ie, return is the price paid for risk.

    Powerful empirical evidence for the CAPM can be found in the very 
authoritative study Stocks, Bonds, Bills and Inflation by Roger Ibbotson 
and Rex Sinquefield.  This study was published as a monograph in 1977, 1979 
and 1982 -- and has been published in the form of yearbooks since 1983 by 
Ibbotson Associates (Chicago).  The 1988 Yearbook provides data on average 
annual returns from various forms of investment during the 1926 to 1987 
period in the United States.  Using real returns (ie, adjusted to eliminate 
the effects of inflation), the average annual real returns for small 
stocks, common stocks, long-term corporate bonds, long-term government 
bonds, intermediate-term (5-year) government bonds and T-Bills was 14%, 
8.8%, 2.3%, 1.7%, 1.9% and 0.5%, respectively for the 62-year period.  The 
standard deviation (a measure of risk) for these returns was 35.2%, 21.2%, 
10.0%, 10.2%, 7.1% and 4.4%, respectively.  (Small stocks are defined as 
common stocks in the bottom 20% of capitalization, ie, price times number 
of shares outstanding).

    Viewing the data from a 62-year vantage-point obscures certain trends, 
however.  In the ten-year periods from 1926, stock price variability 
gradually fell from standard deviation 33.5% in the first decade to below 
20% in the last decade (although the 1987 crash has increased variability 
again).  Inflation was much lower in the earlier years than it has been 
since 1970.  The inflation-adjusted returns for T-Bills from 1926 to 1982 
were 0% annually; only the long bull market of the 1980s forced the Fed to 
pay a small real return.  But in early 1991 real returns from T-Bills were 
less than inflation (stock returns were far less than inflation).  
(Sometimes investors can do no better than minimize losses due to inflation 
or recession.)

    The risk of concern to cryonicists is the risk of default rather than 
the risk of price volatility.  So-called "junk bonds" (high yield, high 
risk-of-default bonds used to finance risky ventures) are not likely to be 
of interest to cryonicists.  Small stocks may also have a greater 
likelihood of "default," in the sense that they may more often drop out of 
the exchange altogether due to company failure or other reasons.  But the 
risk underlying CAPM is a variability "risk," more than a default risk.

** DIAGRAM SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"Wealth Indices of Investments in the U.S. Capital Markets -- These two 
graphs, adapted from 'Investments,' by William F. Sharpe, depict past 
trends in popular investment returns, including small stocks, common 
stocks, long-term government bonds, and treasury bills, all as compared to 
inflation over the same period."

**

    Funding cryonics requires long-term investment thinking.  A higher 
probability of a loss in a given year from stocks (as opposed to bonds) 
should be of less concern than the long-term greater return from stocks.  
Moreover, stocks are inflation-proof in a sense that bonds are not.  Should 
the United States be stricken by sudden hyperinflation, even short-term T-
Bills could result in huge losses (in real terms).  But stocks represent 
ownership of businesses -- which will increase their prices 1000% in a 
1000%-inflation period (for example), and stock prices will eventually rise 
accordingly (because stock prices are ultimately a reflection of the 
valuation -- present and future -- of corporate assets).  Bonds and T-Bills 
are "risk free" only in nominal (numerical) dollar value, not real 
(inflation-adjusted) dollar value.  The short-term risk that stock prices 
may fall in any given year must be weighed against the long-term near-
certainty that stocks do a better job of staying ahead of inflation than do 
bonds or T-Bills.

    Investors, of course, do not buy generic "common stock," they buy 
individual stocks.  Conservative investors do not try to "outguess" the 
market by buying large amounts of a few individual stocks which they hope 
will outperform the market.  The best way to avoid the risk of individual 
stock prices is through diversification -- the purchase of many different 
stocks and many different kinds of stocks (not just "high-tech").  
Conservative cryonicists may want to buy mutual funds 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (17)


to achieve diversification -- although this means paying a fee (indirectly) 
to the fund managers.  Purchasing stock is cheaper in board lots (packages 
of 100 shares, usually) rather than odd lots.  If a cryonicist or group of 
cryonicists purchased eight board lots of common stocks chosen at random, 
the return should be within 20% of a market index diversification, with 
standard deviation of 25% (Journal of Business, April 1970, pp. 99-134).

** DIAGRAM SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"Year-by-Year Total Returns on Common Stocks -- This graph, adapted from 
'Stocks, Bonds, Bills, and Inflation,' by Ibbotson and Sinquefield, 
indicates the variable but generally positive returns on common stock."

**

    Real estate is also an inflation-proof investment.  Moreover, it is an 
investment which can provide a place to live.  Paying-off a mortgage does 
more to build equity than does paying rent.  It is also possible that 
equity held in a house would be less vulnerable to government attempts to 
seize assets to pay health costs than would investment funds (although this 
might be complicated by the assigning of a real estate lien to a cryonics 
organization).


Inflation-Proof Financing for Members in Suspension

    Alcor members in suspension have their liquid nitrogen and other 
expenses paid-for by a distinct fund:  the "Patient Care Fund."  In an 
attempt to be as conservative as possible, the fund is administered by 
strict guidelines, including the requirement that an amount equal to 50 
times the projected patient care be invested in investments with 
"negligible risk."  Small or moderate risk is allowed only for amounts in 
excess of the previous requirement -- and cannot be used for more than 20% 
of the total Fund.

    In practice, the investment of "negligible risk" chosen by Alcor has 
been T-Bills (widely recognized as the standard of risk-free investments).  
This "negligible risk" has a price, however, namely the 0.5% real return in 
the 1926 to 1987 period as described by the Ibbotson study.  The 
conservative attempt to avoid volatility of price results in a very 
unconservative policy which could result in the erosion of the Patient Care 
Fund by inflation.  If the Ibbotson study is to be believed, investment in 
T-Bills would require an amount 200 times (rather than 50 times) the 
projected patient care expense.  To do this, Alcor Member minimum funding 
would have to be increased accordingly.  But why should Alcor Members be 
required to underwrite a bad investment strategy?  Using the Ibbotson zero 
return for T-Bills during the 1926 to 1982 period, no investment in T-Bills 
can be justified as "risk-free."

    It is necessary that the Patient Care Fund yield adequate returns to 
pay expenses every year.  In this sense, volatility of returns cannot be 
tolerated.  But the return of common stocks consists of dividends as well 
as stock price -- and dividends are usually paid even though stock price is 
falling.  Setting aside five years worth of Patient Care Fund in cash and 
investing the rest in a blue chip mutual fund would be a more conservative 
investment than buying T-Bills.  There are many options, and the primary 
purpose of this essay is to provoke a more rational evaluation of inflation-
conscious alternatives, rather than to advocate a specific policy.

    As a final caveat, it is worth remembering that the past is not always 
a predictor of the future.  The historical performance of investments is 
only a rough guideline in an ever-changing world.  The current crack-up of 
the communist world is a sharp discontinuity from the preceding 70 years.  
South American governments have defaulted on their debts -- and there is no 
guarantee that so-called risk-free US Government T-Bills could not face 
default some time in the next hundred or so years.  As cryonicists we must 
be conservative without being hide-bound.  Our adaptability and willingness 
to face tough problems will be the key to our survival.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (18)


The Donaldson Appeal

by Christopher Ashworth and David B. Epstein

The following is an abbreviated version of of the appellate brief on behalf 
of  Thomas Donaldson and Alcor, written by attorneys Chistopher Ashwoth and 
David B. Epstein.  An unabridged fully annotated and footnoted photocopy 
version with table of contents, and table of cases, statutes, treatises, 
and texts is available from Alcor for $13.50.


                                     I.

                              ISSUES PRESENTED

    Whether or not appellant Donaldson has the right, arising under 
California's right to privacy, to procure the assistance of others in the 
commission of a suicide, where, as here, a cancerous brain tumor condemns 
Donaldson to a painful and degrading end-of-life in the ordinary course.

    Whether under California's right to privacy appellant Donaldson has the 
right to be cryonically suspended (frozen) premortem where an existing 
illness promises to destroy so much brain tissue as to make such cryonic 
suspension fruitless if Donaldson is required to await his "natural" death.

    Whether appellants (Mondragon and Donaldson) have the Constitutional 
right to give and receive advice and encouragement in respect of a suicide 
under California Constitution Article I, Section 2 and the United States 
Constitution, Amendment I.


                                    II.

                           STATEMENT OF THE CASE

    Procedurally this case is easy to describe.  On April 30, 1990, 
appellant Donaldson filed an action in the Superior Court in Santa Barbara 
County seeking declaratory relief in respect of his right to an assisted 
suicide/premortem cryonic suspension.  The Attorney General and a number of 
other public officials were named as party defendants.  Defendant VandeKamp 
filed a demurrer which was joined by all of the other defendants.  On 
September 14, 1990, the Honorable Ronald W. Stevens, Judge of the Superior 
Court, sustained the Attorney General's demurrer and granted plaintiff 
thirty days to amend.  Thereafter, Donaldson (now joined by plaintiff 
Mondragon) filed a First Amended Complaint for Declaratory Relief on 
October 15, 1990.  In due course, the Attorney General (again joined by all 
other parties defendant) demurred to the First Amended Complaint.  On 
December 14, 1990, the Honorable Ronald Stevens sustained the defendants' 
demurrer to the First Amended Complaint without leave to amend.

    The underlying facts (as presented in the challenged Complaint and 
First Amended Complaint) are straight-forward.  In August 1988, plaintiff 
Thomas Donaldson ("Donaldson") was diagnosed as having a malignant brain 
tumor.  The tumor is inoperable and, ultimately, will kill him.  In the two 
years since diagnosis, the tumor has grown and has intruded 
to face tough problems will be the key to our survival.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (19)


upon his brain function.  It has caused speech impediment, right-sided 
weakness and seizures.  The tumor is a "space occupying lesion."  As it 
continues to grow, it will slowly increase the pressure on all brain 
tissues within his skull.  When this increased pressure reaches and 
ultimately exceeds the pressure with which Donaldson's blood is pumped by 
his heart, the brain slowly will die from lack of nutrients, especially 
oxygen (2).  In time, Donaldson will be completely incapacitated and then 
will die.

    Donaldson is a highly educated, mentally competent adult.  He does not 
wish to suffer through a slow and painful decline while the tumor continues 
to grow and literally squeeze all life from his brain.  He prefers a 
timely, albeit earlier, death, while he is competent and still has some 
modicum of dignity.

    No one disputes that Donaldson lawfully can end his life by his own 
hand at any time.  All agree that, if Donaldson waits until his brain is 
sufficiently destroyed to leave him dependent on medical support (and most 
likely, incompetent), he can require then that medical support be removed, 
permitting him to starve.

    Neither of these alternatives is satisfactory to Donaldson because he 
wishes also to exercise his right to direct the disposition of his body 
upon his death.  Specifically, Donaldson has directed that, upon his death, 
his body be placed in cryonic suspension.  Donaldson cannot place himself 
in cryonic suspension without assistance.  If he waits until the 
destruction of his brain cells has reduced him to incapacity, the objective 
of cryonic suspension -- future reanimation -- will be impossible and his 
right to choose the disposition of his body will have been meaningless.

    There is no sound reason, in policy or law, why plaintiff should be 
forced to undergo the physical agony and indignity of being reduced to an 
incapacitated or vegetative state before he dies.  Given the incurable and 
terminal nature of his disease, plaintiff is entitled to the assistance 
necessary to place his body in cryonic suspension before the destruction of 
his brain renders the cryonic suspension absolutely futile.


                                    III.

                                  ARGUMENT
    DONALDSON HAS THE RIGHT TO PREMORTEM CRYONIC SUSPENSION OF HIS BODY.

    Perhaps nothing is more fundamental to a civilized society than the 
concept, described by Justice Cardozo, that "every human being of adult 
years and sound mind has a right to determine what shall be done with his 
own body. . ."  As observed by Justice Rehnquist within the last year:

    Before the turn of the century, this Court observed that [no] right is 
    held more sacred, or is more carefully guarded by the law, than the 
    right of every individual to the possession and control of his own 
    person, free from all restraint or interference of others, unless by 
    clear and unquestionable authority of law.

    Defendant here argued before the trial court that this fundamental 
right is not available to plaintiff here because "there is no 
constitutional right to commit suicide or assist a suicide, nor is there a 
constitutional right to commit murder or consent to be murdered."  To pose 
the question in terms of "murder or suicide" is to begin with a conclusion 
which begs the questions presented and contributes nothing to an 
understanding of the issues.

    In fact, there is ample authority for the right of a person who is 
terminally ill to put an end to his suffering and to have the assistance of 
others in doing so.  In California, that right is recognized as "basic and 
fundamental" to the right of privacy protected by the state and federal 
constitutions.  Whether the right is characterized as suicide is 
immaterial.  Under any name, it is an exercise of liberty which may be 
exercised and assisted lawfully.

    1.  A Person Suffering From An Incurable And Terminal Illness Has The 
Right To Elect To Die When And As He Chooses.

    a.  The Case Law In California Concerning The Right To Die

    In every reported case, where a competent decision was made, the courts 
have affirmed the right to choose an early death with dignity over 
prolonged suffering and misery.

    The seminal case was decided in 1976 in In Re Quinlan.  There, Karen 
Quinlan, who had been comatose for years, was permitted to elect (through 
her conservator father) to end her life by directing the removal of her 
respirator.  By 1988, the courts of at least twelve states, including the 
highest courts of ten, had upheld the right of a terminally ill patient to 
discontinue needless suffering and to end his or her life.  (6)
_________________

6.  The only case in which plaintiffs have been unsuccessful in asserting 
their right to die are those in which sufficient proof of a competent 
decision was lacking.
_________________

    The California cases have moved in step with other jurisdictions.  In 
Barber v. Superior Court, (1983), the Second District Court of Appeal held 
that physicians who removed the intravenous feeding tubes from a comatose 
patient at the request of his family could not be prosecuted for homicide.  
One year later, in Bartling v.  Superior Court, (1984), the Second District 
again (but a different Division) held that "a competent adult patient, with 
serious illnesses which are probably incurable but have not been diagnosed 
as terminal, has the right, over the objection of his physicians and the 
hospital, to have life support equipment disconnected, despite the fact 
that withdrawal of such devices will surely hasten his death."

    In Bartling, the court addressed and decided the issue notwithstanding 
the fact that the patient had died shortly before the case was argued.  Two 
years later, the same court that had decided Barber reaffirmed the holding 
in Bartling in the case of a live patient, Bouvia v. Superior Court, 
(1986).  As in Bartling, Bouvia involved a seriously ill patient who was 
not terminal and was not comatose.  Ms. Bouvia, was an articulate fully 
alert and competent young woman who, although seriously ill, had a life 
expectancy of fifteen to twenty additional years with sufficient 
nourishment which was provided through a nasogastric tube.  The court held 
that Ms. Bouvia's right to have the tube removed, regardless of any 
motivation to end her life, was a "basic and fundamental" part of the right 
of privacy under the state and federal constitutions.  In 1988, the same 
principles were reaffirmed in Conservatorship of Draybick, (1988), where 
the Sixth District upheld the right of a comatose patient, through his 
conservator, to end his life by removal of a respirator.


    b.  The Characterization Of Plaintiff's Election As Suicide Does Not 
Diminish His Right To Die As He Chooses.

    Defendant argued, from dicta in Bartling and Bouvia, that those cases 
do not apply here because the action by those plaintiffs were not suicide 
while the action 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (20)


proposed by plaintiff is.  This purported distinction is a fiction.

    Bartling and Bouvia held that those plaintiffs had the absolute right 
to the removal of life support apparatus notwithstanding that the removal 
would kill them.  Having established the plaintiffs' right at the 
constitutional level, the question of whether or not the act permitted was 
suicide was not an issue.  In this context, the references to suicide in 
both cases is seen as an explicit statement of what the court did not 
decide.  Thus, Bartling emphasized that "this is not a case, however, where 
real parties would have brought about Mr. Bartling's death by unnatural 
means. . ."  Similarly, Bouvia emphasized that "it is not necessary here to 
define or dwell at length upon what constitutes suicide."

    To the extent that either case appears to characterize those 
plaintiffs' decisions to end their lives as other than suicide, it is now 
recognized that this was more a matter of circumspection than an issue of 
substance.  In truth, it is romanticized nonsense.  The point is made by 
Professor Alexander:

        As is often true in times of social transition, case law has 
    created fictions to avoid affronting previously accepted norms.  In 
    life-support termination, there is a fiction of medical determinism.  
    Patients are seen as passive victims of their illness.  They do not 
    choose to die;  death overtakes them.  Their physicians do nothing to 
    help them die.  Death overwhelms them, too.  

        The fiction requires that any action taken which will lead to 
    death be described as, at worst, surrender to the futility of further 
    treatment.

        Blaming the underlying disease rather than the act of life-
    support removal is romantic but illogical.  A person who removed a 
    feeding tube from a recovering patient temporarily dependent on it, 
    would have a difficult time persuading anyone that the resulting 
    death was caused by the underlying illness, not by the removal of the 
    tube.

    The fiction was acknowledged and criticized by Justice Compton in his 
concurring opinion in Bouvia:

        In order to seek the assistance which she [Bouvia] needs in 
    ending her life by the only means she sees available -- starvation -- 
    she has had to stultify her position before this court by disavowing 
    her desire to end her life in such a fashion and proclaiming that she 
    will eat all that she can physically tolerate.  Even the majority 
    opinion here must necessarily "dance" around the issue.

        Elizabeth apparently has made a conscious and informed choice 
    that she prefers death to continued existence in her helpless and, to 
    her, intolerable condition.  I believe she has an absolute right to 
    effectuate that decision . . . .  The fact that she is forced to 
    suffer the ordeal of self-starvation to achieve her objective is in 
    itself inhumane.

    Ironically, the very authorities cited by defendant would agree that 
the characterization of Bartling's and Bouvia's actions as anything other 
than suicide is pure fiction.

        Suicide may be defined as doing something which results in one's 
    death, either from the intention of ending one's life or the 
    intention to bring about some other state of affairs (such as relief 
    from pain) which one thinks is certain or highly probably can be 
    achieved only by means of death or will produce death.'

    Now, in 1991, one would hope we would no longer need to engage in 
fictions or euphemisms to make a fundamental right more palatable.  The 
plaintiffs in Bartling, Bouvia (and every other reported case) demanded the 
right to choose a dignified death over a painful and miserable life.  The 
court acknowledged that right not because the method employed was or was 
not suicide, but because the constitutional right to privacy guarantees 
that the choice is theirs to make.  Plaintiff Donaldson here demands and is 
entitled to the right to make the same choice.

    c.  The Right To Die Includes The Assistance of Others.

    In Bouvia, Justice Compton commented on the fact that Bouvia needed the 
assistance of others to implement her choice.

        The right to die is an integral part of our right to control our 
    own destiny so long as the rights of others are not affected.  That 
    right should, in my opinion, include the ability to enlist the 
    assistance from others, including the medical profession, in making 
    death as painless and quick as possible.

    A necessary corollary to the terminally ill patient's right to end his 
or her life is the right to secure the assistance of others where necessary 
to carry out such a direction.  Barber v. Superior Court (1983) Whether it 
is carried out by the "passive" removal of the nasogastric tube as in 
Bouvia or the "active" sedation and lowering of body temperature for 
cryonic suspension here, the only material distinction between lawful 
assistance and murder is plaintiff's consent.  Absent such consent, neither 
would be any more or less a crime because it is was either "passive" or 
"active."

    2.  In This Case, Plaintiff's Interests In Exercising His Right To Die 
As He Chooses Are Paramount To Any Interests Of The State.

    Defendant acknowledges that plaintiff's right to end his suffering in 
the matter he has chosen "centers around a balancing of the asserted 
constitutional right against the pertinent interest of the State."  
Defendants then argued that "when that balance is struck, . . . plaintiff's 
asserted claim to a right to enlist others to take his life in an 
assaultive manner must be rejected."  While defendants' argument recited 
the abstract interest of the State in preserving life, it failed entirely 
to address any of Donaldson's interest in ending his.  Defendants' one-
sided analysis, therefore, presented no balancing of interest at all.  (14)

------------------------
14.  Certainly the state has an interest in preventing the involuntary 
termination of life as a necessary element of social order.  Stated in the 
abstract, however, the state's interest "in preserving life" or "in 
preventing suicide" is devoid of sufficient content to overcome a 
constitutionally protected right to privacy.  Indeed, merely defending the 
state's abstract interest to "life" is a throwback to the view articulated 
by Blackstone that suicide is criminal behavior because the suicide is seen 
"rushing into [God's] immediate presence uncalled for . . ."

Blackstone, "Commentaries on the Laws of England," Book IV, ch. 14, sec. 
III.
------------------------


    a.  Donaldson's Interests Are No Less Compelling Than Bartling's Or 
Bouvia's.

    A comparison of Donaldson's condition with Bouvia's leaves one hard 
pressed to identify a material difference in the interest of either in 
ending his and her suffering.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (21)


While Bouvia's condition had reached a more debilitating state, the 
difference is only one of time and provides us with a glimpse of what lies 
ahead for Donaldson. . . . . Donaldson's condition is terminal while 
Bouvia's condition was not.  Bouvia had a life expectancy of 15-20 years, 
which is substantially longer than Donaldson's.

    Notwithstanding these differences, the compelling comparison is that 
Donaldson, as did Bouvia, faces a certain future of pain and humiliation.  
While Donaldson may have fewer years left than Bouvia, the message from 
Bouvia is that it is not so much the amount of life left as it is the 
quality of the life remaining that counts.

        Who shall say what the minimum amount of available life must be?  
    . . . As in all matters, lines must be drawn at some point, somewhere, 
    but that decision must ultimately belong to the one whose life is an 
    issue.

    b.  The State Has No Greater Interest Here Than It Had In Bartling Or 
Bouvia.

    Defendants asserted a greater state interest here than in Bartling and 
Bouvia based on the State's interest in preventing suicide and murder.  As 
discussed at [I.A.1.b.], supra, the characterization of Bartling's and 
Bouvia's decisions as other than suicidal are pure fiction.  Nor is there 
any material distinction in the characterization of the means used as 
"passive" in one case and "active" in another.  As Justice Scalia observed:

        It would not make much sense to say that one may not kill 
    oneself by walking into the sea, but may sit on the beach until 
    submerged by the incoming tide;  or that one may not intentionally 
    lock oneself into a cold storage locker, but may refrain from coming 
    indoors when the temperature drops below freezing.

    In fact, one is hard pressed to identify any compelling interest of the 
state in depriving an incurably and terminally ill person the right to end 
his suffering sooner rather than later.

        The compelling State interest to prevent assisted suicide 
    is quite weak when the act is undertaken because of a terminal or 
    severely handicapped illness, . . . (17)

------------------------
17.  Smith, "All's Well That Ends Well:  Toward a Policy of Assisted 
Rational Suicide Or Merely Enlightened Self-Determination."  22 UC Davis L. 
Review 275, 312 (1989), cited by defendant at Demurrer, p. 13.
------------------------

    It is worthwhile at this juncture to examine some of the rationales 
advanced against assisted suicide and note their constitutional fragility 
in the contemporary world.

    Prevention of crime.  There is no doubt that every state has a 
legitimate and compelling interest in preventing one person from imposing 
death upon an unwilling victim.  No organized society can long endure 
unless it can ensure the lives of its citizens.  The nugget in the 
prevention of this kind of activity, however, only makes sense if it is 
geared toward the prevention of involuntarily imposed results.  The chaos 
implicit in a society that permitted unconsented killings is largely absent 
when the concept of involuntariness is taken out of the equation.  Despite 
the occasional flat earth utterance that a state has a compelling interest 
in protecting "undifferentiated" life, the intellectually defensible 
position appears to be that civil society only has a legitimate interest in 
protecting against unwanted bodily intrusion.

    . . . . The state has an obvious interest in preventing murders that 
are disguised as suicides.  It does not require very much imagination to 
conjure up scenarios whereby interested parties would be very unreliable 
assistants to a prospective suicide.  We are reluctant to accept the word 
of the sole heir of a suicide that his or her "assistance" was solicited by 
the deceased.  The state could, therefore, require some reasonable scheme 
of vetting the bona fides of those who would assist another in committing 
suicide in order to assure that the prospective suicide is being done 
voluntarily and not as the result of undue influence, fraud or duress.

    One court system has worked through this problem already.  The Supreme 
Court of Holland, in a relatively recent decision, has outlined what it 
considers to be the necessary ingredients of a process to subject a 
prospective assisted suicide to a "disinterested" outsider's view.  The 
Dutch Supreme Court's resolution, if not perfect, is workable.  It simply 
anticipates a review by a disinterested party (a medical doctor) prior to 
the assistance being rendered to the suicide.

    It is difficult to imagine a legitimate crime prevention interest that 
the state might have that would not be served by the Dutch model as 
outlined above.  Similarly, constitutional liberty is not unduly 
compromised.  By ordinary constitutional standards, a society can 
legitimately require some dispassionate demonstration of voluntariness 
before permitting a person to assist at a suicide.  In simple words, the 
intrusion of government contemplated by the Dutch model would appear to be 
minimal and no broader than required to subserve legitimate governmental 
ends.  It is the province of courts to fashion just such appropriate orders 
to serve the needs of the case at hand.

    Civil duty.  Some cases that discuss suicide tell us that suicide ought 
to be against public policy because it destroys the ability of the actor to 
perform his civic duties to his dependents and to other persons.  Whatever 
theoretical merit that position may have in respect of the "ordinary" 
suicide, it has no pertinence to the assisted suicides which are the focus 
of this case.  Our case involves someone who is or will be helpless at the 
time of his death.  It follows that people who, because of physical or 
mental infirmity, are unable to effectuate their own suicide are not 
persons who are likely to be able to discharge civil duties in any event.  
They constitute a relatively small class of impaired persons from whom 
society cannot legitimately expect extensive and socially useful 
performance.

    As applied to assisted suicide the logic behind the "civil duty" 
prohibition is tenuous, bordering upon non sequitur.  (One also shrinks 
from the notion that a person ought to be kept alive and in traces like a 
draft horse until he dies from natural causes.)  Proceeding from the 
assumption that suicide is a fundamental constitutional right, then the 
state is required to demonstrate a compelling state interest to outlaw or 
unduly interfere with the right.  In the arena of civil duty, it is 
unlikely that the state could demonstrate that the class of persons who are 
the focus of this case -- persons who are helpless to effectuate their own 
suicide -- would be sufficiently likely to form a critical block of civil 
accomplishment so as to proscribe assistance at their suicides.  Citizens 
are hardly civic chattel.  See, generally, U.S. Constitution, Amendment 
XIII.  A "civil duty" proscription against suicide (and particularly 
assisted suicide) would seem to violate the unbroken line of cases which 
suggest that the existence of civil duties -- and the threatened breach 
thereof -- cannot otherwise curtail fundamental liberty rights.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (22)


    The miasmal dread of unperformed civil duties is not an appropriate 
basis to prohibit assisted suicide.

    Religious and philosophical.  If nothing else, law is one of many ways 
in which a society expresses its cultural or philosophical prejudices and 
preferences.  There is nothing intrinsically the matter with that state of 
affairs.  However, legal conflict is inevitable where, as here, 
philosophical values are in sharp conflict or so in need of reconciliation 
as to require the intervention of constitutional jurisprudence.

    The philosophical and religious objections to suicide (perforce, 
assisted suicide) seem to fall into three broad categories:  first, a 
residual holdover of Christian distaste for suicide;  second, a somewhat 
undifferentiated and confused bias in favor of the "life force";  and 
third, the numbingly familiar "slippery slope" argument.

    At common law, the courts accepted the religious proscription of the 
Church as a basis of decision.  The common law text writers of course 
followed suit.  Typical is Blackstone who informs us that suicide ("self 
murder") is criminal in part because the suicide is seen as "rushing into 
[God's] immediate presence uncalled for . . . ."  Obviously, no court could 
get away with interfering with a suicide on the basis that it puts the 
suicide in the presence of God "uncalled for."  The establishment clause of 
the First Amendment scotches that notion.  However, the generalized notion 
that suicide is "wrong" or somehow violative of public policy has endured.  
One still finds cases that, with absolutely no underlying explanation, 
declare that the state's interest in "preventing suicide" and "preserving 
life" were self-evident propositions.  This class of cases, being 
uncritical and unanalytical in the extreme, resist contrary argument.  They 
are simply the residual effects -- cast into judicial utterances -- of a 
belief system which no longer is entitled to the enforcement of law.  For 
the purpose of this brief it is simply appropriate to note that these cases 
exist and that their genesis defies both logic and analysis.  It must be 
remembered that in California at least, a prohibitory statute must have a 
secular purpose.  Wollersheim v. Church of Scientology, (1989).

    The next subcategory is the generalized perception that the law should 
favor human "life" and pit itself against "death."  One finds statements 
such as that of Justice Rehnquist in declaring that a state has a 
legitimate interest in the "undifferentiated" preservation of life.  A 
number of things are the matter with that philosophical proposition.  The 
most glaring of the defects is that the a priori consignment of death to a 
"bad" category as opposed to the "good" category of life makes no objective 
sense.  Barring the demonstrable advent of an afterlife (to which the mode 
of death in this mortal existence would have no pertinence) death is simply 
the inevitable end-point of the life processes enjoyed (or endured) by all 
living things including humans.

    In the specific context of California constitutional jurisprudence, it 
is impossible to conjure up a defensible state interest that would compel 
an individual to treat his or her life as worth living even after the 
individual manifestly concludes that that is not so.  The state is in no 
position to answer the ultimate "because" question:  "We are forcing you to 
stay alive because ____________________."  That blank space stares back at 
us accusingly.  Just what is it about a person's involuntarily continued 
mortal existence that advantages the state?  Aside from the possibility of 
some merit in the "slippery slope" arguments discussed infra, Donaldson's 
counsel have found no philosophically cogent arguments posited by any 
writer which would justify imposing an unwanted continuation of mortal 
existence on a Californian, protected as he is by the right to privacy.  
That is, the price which someone might pay with their body in terms of pain 
or degradation has never been demonstrated to advance an objective and 
secular interest of the state.  The best that the cases have done is to 
advance the tautological proposition that life is good because life is 
good.  In that context it is impossible to justify a policy of miasmal life 
enhancement which may -- and very, very frequently does -- visit upon a 
citizen a level of torment and pain which would not be tolerated as 
punishment for the most heinous and revolting criminal behavior.  It would 
seem to be a strange society indeed that required innocent citizens to live 
in torment and evil ones to be largely free of physical discomfort.

    The last category of philosophical objection to assisted suicide can be 
generally lumped under the heading of "slippery slope."  The central theme 
of all of the "slippery slope" arguments -- with no exceptions Donaldson's 
counsel have been able to uncover -- is that any step along the path of 
euthanasia creates an unreasonable risk that the permissive society will 
ultimately condone involuntary euthanasia.  But there is no evidence that 
any society has developed aberrant homicidal offshoots such as involuntary 
euthanasia because of a progressive deterioration in the society's 
appreciation of the value of human life.  The only historical precedents 
involve phenomena such as human sacrifices to propitiate the gods (ancient 
Aztecs) or the abandonment of the elderly because there is not enough food 
to go around (Eskimos).

    If the underlying premise of Donaldson's complaint is correct, i.e., 
that the right to suicide is a fundamental one, then it is respectfully 
submitted that the trial court was wrong in staying its hand:  Making the 
"great leap" from the recognition of a fundamental right to decisions that 
implement that right is precisely what judges are supposed to do.  It is 
inappropriate for a trial court to avoid deciding a case in the hopes (or 
dread) that a legislature will act.  California judges have a duty to 
exercise their jurisdiction and to decide all cases properly before them.  
This is especially true of cases involving interference with constitutional 
rights.  Even in the absence of recognized procedure, constitutional 
jurisdiction must be exercised even if it has to "make up" a procedure.

    The issue raised by Donaldson's case is now ripe for a reasoned 
decision.  The pirouettes of "preservation of life," "prevention of 
suicide" and avoidance of the "slippery slope" are no longer acceptable 
substitutes for a rational confrontation between compelling state interests 
of the secular variety and Donaldson's fundamental constitutional rights.

    c.  The Commentators Cited By Defendant Would Each Support Plaintiff's 
Right To Die.

    Ironically, each of the commentators cited by defendants in their 
demurrer supports plaintiff's right to carry out his plan.

    In the note "Criminal Liability For Assisting Suicide," the author 
proposes a model statute which would decriminalize assisting a suicide 
where the person ending his or her life was a competent adult who was 
suffering from a terminal or chronic illness or a permanent, serious 
physical handicap.  As Donaldson's condition is terminal, he could enlist 
the assistance of others under this standard.

    In "Suicidal Competence and the Patient's Right to Refuse Life Saving 
Treatment," the author argues that the State has an interest only in 
preventing "irrational" suicides or those in which the decision to 
terminate life is not competently 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (23)


made.  The author proposes a two-prong test . . . .  Applying this test, 
the record would compel that Donaldson be entitled to carry out his plan.

    Finally, in "All's Well That Ends Well, etc."  , the author argues for 
an "enlightened self-determination" of an individual's life plan as the 
fulfillment of liberty.

    Again, given the dismal future in store for plaintiff, who could say 
that his decision to end his life with dignity at this stage is anything 
other but an exercise of "enlightened self-determination."  Certainly not 
the state.

    3.  Plaintiff Has The Right To Direct That His Body Be Cryonically 
Suspended.

    a.  California Recognizes One's Right To Determine The Disposition Of 
His Body.

    The right to determine the disposition of one's own body attaches to 
the most fundamental values of a civilized society.  It carries with it 
religious, moral, ethical, social and even environmental considerations 
which, instinct tells us, attach to basic human rights.  While there are no 
reported appellate opinions focusing specifically on this issue, there is a 
substantial legal foundation for the concept of freedom of choice in 
directing the disposition of one's own body.

    The legislature has acknowledged this concept of liberty in Health & 
Safety Code sec.  7100 which provides, in pertinent part:

    Sec.  7100.  Right to control disposition of remains;  duty and 
    liability for interment;  devolution;  prior directions of decedent.
    Order of Devolution.  The right to control the disposition of the 
    remains of a deceased person, unless other directions have been given 
    by the decedent, vests in . . . the following in the order named:  
    [surviving spouse, children, etc.  ] [Emphasis added.  ] . . .

    Directions of Decedent.  A decedent, prior to his death, may direct 
    the preparation for type or place of interment of his remains, either 
    by oral or written instructions, . . . The person or persons 
    otherwise entitled to control the disposition of the remains under 
    the provisions of this section shall faithfully carry out the 
    directions of the decedent subject only to the provisions of this 
    chapter with respect to the duties of the coroner."

    While the last section of the statute uses the word "interment," it is 
evident that that term was not intended as one of limitation on the types 
of dispositions.  The first sentence of the section provides for the order 
of devolution of the right to control the "disposition" of remains, 
predicated upon the condition "unless other directions have been given by 
the decedent."  From this, it would appear that the legislature utilized 
the terms "disposition" and "interment" interchangeably.  It would make no 
sense to confer upon family members the right to control the "disposition" 
of the remains subject to other directions by the decedent and, at the same 
time, confer a more limited right upon the decedent himself.  The only 
logical interpretation of Sec.  7100 which would reconcile all of the 
provisions of that section is that the legislature intended to vest in each 
of us the right to determine the disposition of our bodies.

    b.  Plaintiff's Right To Direct The Disposition Of His Body Includes 
The Right To Premortem Cryonic Suspension.

    On at least three occasions, trial courts have addressed the issue of 
cryonic suspension and, in various contexts, have acknowledged, both 
implicitly and explicitly, the right of the individual to direct the 
cryonic suspension of his or her body.

    In Kent, et al. v. Carrillo, et al., Riverside Superior Court Case No.  
R 191277, the Riverside Coroner threatened to thaw the remains of decedents 
in cryonic suspension at the facility of the Alcor Foundation.  The focus 
of the coroner's threat was the remains of Dora Kent who had recently died 
and had been placed in cryonic suspension.  The plaintiff, who was the 
decedent's son, sought to enjoin the actions threatened by the coroner.

    In granting Kent's application, on February 1, 1988, Judge Miceli 
specifically found that the action threatened by the coroner "would be in 
violation of the rights of the decedents" and that thawing the remains of 
the decedents at the Alcor Foundation "would produce irreparable injury."

    The second instance in which these issues were presented to a trial 
court occurred nine months later in Roe v. Mitchell, Los Angeles Superior 
Court Case No.  C 697 147.  Initially, the defendants in the case were a 
hospital and various employees of the state of California.  The context was 
the advice by the hospital caring for a terminal patient that it would not 
honor his request to release his body to a cryonics organization at the 
time of his anticipated death.  On October 14, 1988, Judge Mu�oz issued a 
Temporary Restraining Order and Order to Show Cause Re Preliminary 
Injunction(25) restraining the hospital from interfering with the 
application of the initial cryonic procedures (use of a portable 
resuscitator) at the hospital after pronouncement of Jones' "legal death."

------------------------
25.  The hospital later stipulated to make Judge Munoz' restraining order 
the terms of a preliminary injunction, which remained in effect until Jones 
died.  The hospital was dismissed from the litigation.
------------------------

    In October, 1990, Judge Mu�oz granted summary judgment in favor of 
Jones and issued a sweeping, comprehensive injunction prohibiting the state 
from interfering with cryonic suspensions in any way.

    [The] farthest reaching, Superior Court action, occurred in December 
1989, again in Riverside County, in the matter of Saul Kent, et al. v. 
Grover C. Trask, II, Riverside Superior Court Case No.  201022.  That 
action involved a threatened prosecution of certain Alcor members who had 
participated in the cryonic suspension of Dora Kent for violation of the 
Business and Profession Code prohibitions against the unlicensed practice 
of medicine.  The Alcor member defendants sought injunctive relief on the 
claim that the threatened prosecution created an impermissible "chilling" 
of the constitutional right of each Alcor member to direct the disposition 
of his body by cryonic suspension.  In a lengthy opinion, Judge (now 
Justice) Timlin(26) concluded:

------------------------
26.  Judge Timlin was elevated to the Court of Appeals in August of 1990.
------------------------

        This court concludes that the Adherents, including Dora Kent, 
    under Article I, Section 1 of the California Constitution and the 
    Fifth and Ninth Amendments to the United States Constitution have a 
    right to privacy, which includes the right to exercise control over 
    his/her own body and to determine whether to submit his/her body, or 
    any portion thereof, including the brain, to premortem cryonic 
    suspension.  (In ruling on the application, this court in no way 
    comments directly or indirectly on the wisdom of such a choice.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (24)


    The moving papers submitted to Judge Timlin in the Kent v. Trask matter 
relied extensively on the "right to die" cases which consistently have 
conferred upon the individual the right to direct the discontinuance of 
life-support measures.  While Judge Timlin distinguished those cases from 
the issues before him, the rationale of the "right to die" cases certainly 
provides an instructive insight into the direction the law has taken.

    While it is not common in constitutional litigation for a plaintiff to 
take refuge in the technical rules of pleading, the court should be 
reminded that (1) the proceeding below was a hearing on a demurrer and that 
(2) one of the allegations of Donaldson's complaint that the trial court 
must have accepted as true for the purposes of ruling on the demurrer is as 
follows:

        17.  As noted above, Donaldson's progressive brain tumor will, 
    unless checked, destroy a large part of his brain long before his 
    heart stops beating and Donaldson could be declared legally "dead."
    As a consequence, much or all of the physical structure of 
    Donaldson's brain which encodes memories (personality) will be lost 
    unless he is cryonically suspended prior to that time.  In the 
    opinion of established scientists,(27) cryonic suspension portends a 
    ponderable likelihood of ultimate success in being able to revive and 
    treat and cure a person whose illness, in contemporary terms, would 
    otherwise be deemed terminal.  Further, it is a factual certainty 
    that Donaldson's post cryonic suspension prognosis would be markedly 
    better -- and the chances for his revival and survival would be also 
    be markedly better -- if he is placed in cryonic suspension well in 
    advance of the time when his "natural" death would occur.

------------------------
27.  A representative list of such scientists and their curricula vitae was 
attached to the First Amended Complaint as Exhibit "A."
------------------------

        The development of the technology necessary to effect the 
    repairs described in the subparagraph next above and to restore 
    cryonic suspension patients such as Donaldson to health and vigor is 
    viewed by the scientists (and others) identified in Exhibit "A" as 
    highly probable.  As a consequence, interfering with Donaldson's 
    cryonic suspension will, as a matter of probability, shorten his life 
    span -- particularly in view of the certain fact that his life 
    expectancy, absent cryonic suspension, is zero.

    Factually, Donaldson's long-term prognosis is, beyond any statistical 
doubt, better with cryonic suspension than without it.  It is anomalous to 
suggest that a process that augurs some measure of success is unlawful 
where the only alternative is a process that augurs no chance of success.  
More to the point, the demurrer ought not have been sustained unless the 
trial court was willing to say that cryonic suspension has no chance of 
working in the future or that there is no constitutionally protected right 
to suicide under any circumstance.  It is unlikely that this court is 
willing to do either of those things.

    B.  PLAINTIFFS HAVE THE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO GIVE AND RECEIVE ADVICE 
AND ENCOURAGEMENT IN RESPECT OF A SUICIDE.

    The salient portions of the first amended complaint are as follows:

        29.  Assuming arguendo that plaintiffs are not afforded 
    judicial protection arising from their intention to tangibly 
    (physically) aid Donaldson in achieving a "dead" state by cryonically 
    suspending him pre-mortem, Donaldson, Mondragon and Roes 1-10 intend 
    to do the things described in paragraph 30, infra.

        30.  Without the tangible (physical) assistance of any other 
    person, Donaldson intends to procure sufficient appropriate drugs and 
    intravenous injection equipment to permit him to administer to 
    himself a lethal dose of some substance in order to rapidly bring 
    about his death.  Donaldson further intends to bring about his death 
    in the presence of Mondragon and Roes 1 through 10 in order to 
    minimize the time between his legal death and the onset of the 
    cryonic suspension process.

        For their part, Mondragon and Roes 1 through 10 (although 
    disavowing any intention to render any tangible, "physical" aid to 
    Donaldson) intend to "talk" Donaldson through the suicide procedure 
    and intend to advise and encourage him in such ways as will assist 
    him in achieving a state of "dead" by the means described above.

        31.  California Penal Code sec.  401 declares as follows:

        "Every person who deliberately aids, or advises, or encourages 
    another to commit suicide is guilty of a felony."  [Emphasis added].

        32.  Suicide is not listed as a crime or public offense in 
    the California Penal Code nor in any other statutory scheme in this 
    State.  Moreover, suicide is not treated as a "common law" crime in 
    this State, inter alia, because Penal Code sec. 6 declares as 
    follows:  "No act or omission, commenced after 12:  00 noon of the day 
    on which this code takes affect as a law is criminal . . . except as 
    prescribed . . . by this code . . . ."

        33.  Plaintiffs intend to advise and encourage Donaldson to 
    effectuate his suicide in the way described in paragraph 30 above and 
    by so doing will (definitionally) aid Donaldson in bringing about his 
    own death.

        34.  Plaintiffs are informed and believe and on that basis 
    allege that defendants Van de Kamp and Sneddon presently intend to 
    prosecute any persons, such as the cryonic suspension team members, 
    who would aid (even if such aid only consists of advising and 
    encouraging) a fellow human being in moving from a state of "alive" 
    to a state of "dead" within the meaning of Health and Safety Code 
    sec. 7180.

        Because suicide is not a crime or a public offense, plaintiffs 
    Mondragon and Does 1 through 10 and Donaldson (as a recipient of any 
    advice or encouragement), are protected by the First Amendment of the 
    United States Constitution, and Article I, Section 2 of the 
    California Constitution from any act or threatened act -- including a 
    threatened prosecution under Penal Code secs. 401 and 187 et seq. 
    which would interfere with their right to free speech and expression.

        At issue here is whether and to what extent the plaintiffs' right 
    to give and receive suicide advice (speech by any other name) can be 
    curtailed by government fiat.  We might also keep in mind that 
    California Constitution Article I, section 2 constitutes a 
    "protective provision more definitive and inclusive than the First 
    Amendment [of the U.S. Constitution]."  Wilson v. Superior Court, 
    (1975).  State action violative of the First Amendment is, a 
    fortiori, violative of the California Constitution.  Bill v. Superior 
    Court, (1982).

    Under the First Amendment, there is a two pronged test which must be 
utilized in order to justify imposing either a civil or criminal penalty 
upon speech:  The court must be satisfied that the speech in question (1) 
is directed at the goal of producing imminent lawless conduct and (2) the 
speech is likely to produce such conduct.  Hess v. Indiana, (1973).  
Suicide is not "lawless" in California.  Suicide is not a crime.  Suicide 
is not a tort.  Suicide is not a breach of contract.  It necessarily 
follows 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (25)


that speech which is intended to lead to an imminent suicide (and that is 
the case here) may not constitutionally be prohibited.  Counsel for 
Donaldson have made a comprehensive review of the cases and have been 
absolutely unable to find a single case wherein the advocacy of lawful 
activity could be constitutionally proscribed.

    Because of the foregoing analysis, Penal Code sections 401 and 187 et.  
seq.  are unconstitutional as applied to the facts of this case.  Further, 
section 401 is unconstitutional on its face precisely because it attacks 
expression rather than any underlying unlawful conduct.  The cases cited 
below by the Attorney General are beside the point.  Statutes prohibiting 
solicitation of crimes are simply not comparable to statutes (such as 
section 401) which proscribe the advocacy of lawful behavior.  Solicitation 
statutes are constitutional;  section 401 is not.  The demurrer ought to 
have been overruled on this point.


    C.  THE COURT HAS THE POWER TO ENJOIN THE UNLAWFUL ENFORCEMENT OF A 
STATUTE

    Defendant argued that the trial court does not have the power to enjoin 
actions taken by a public official pursuant to statutory authority.  This 
is a correct statement of the law only so long as the statute or its 
enforcement does not contravene constitutional rights.

    Plaintiffs' complaint alleges that, if he exercises his right to die 
and to direct the disposition of his body in the manner he has chosen, 
defendants will prosecute those assisting plaintiff and will autopsy 
Donaldson's body.  As demonstrated in plaintiff's argument, supra, such 
actions by the defendants would be unconstitutional and therefore can be 
enjoined.

    D.  PLAINTIFFS HAVE NO ADEQUATE REMEDY AT LAW

    Defendants lastly argues that plaintiffs have an adequate remedy at law 
because they can defend themselves against criminal charges.  The simple 
answer is that so long as the chilling effect of the prospect of criminal 
prosecution is present, all plaintiffs will be denied the opportunity to 
exercise their constitutional rights.  Moreover, even if an assistant were 
willing to take the risk, by the time charges are brought, damage already 
would have been done.


                                   IV.

                                CONCLUSION

    For all of the foregoing reasons, it is manifestly clear that the trial 
court erred in failing to recognize that both Donaldson has the right to an 
assisted suicide under the facts of this case (whether or not in the 
context of a cryonic suspension) and that Mondragon and those similarly 
[situated] have an absolutely protected Constitutional right to advise and 
encourage Donaldson in his efforts at suicide.  For these reasons the trial 
court must be reversed and this case returned to the trial court with 
directions consistent with the positions of plaintiffs set forth 
hereinabove.

DATED:  May 28, 1991     Respectfully submitted,

                         GARFIELD, TEPPER, ASHWORTH & EPSTEIN
                         A Professional Corporation


Reviews. . .

ME
by Thomas T. Thomas

Book review by Ralph Whelan

    Certainly it's been done before.  In fact, I know it was done in short 
story form, and exquisitely, with "The Disambiguation of Captain Shroud."  
Stories of Artificial Intelligences dealing with untangling what it is to 
be "human" are out there, but this one is a special treat.

    Thomas T. Thomas takes us through the bildungsroman of "ME," a name 
devolved from the acronymous MEPSII, the computer's official designation.  
After a brief prologue of life through proto-ME's eyes as a program in a 
battle simulator prior to  self-awareness, ME begins the tale, in which ME 
has just recently become aware that s/he is a thinking entity, and is very 
eager to understand. . . well, everything, including the parts of his/her 
own code that enable ME to think.

    ME's curiosity is boundless.  ME wants to understand the world.  ME 
wants to understand people.  And ME wants to understand ME.  (One of ME's 
ever-ongoing projects is rewriting his/her own code to edit out all the 
human-wrought computational redundancies that slow him/her down.)  ME's 
attempts to puzzle out the motivations behind the thoughts and actions of 
humans are insightful and sometimes brilliantly comic.

    The book proceeds at a breakneck pace, with ME confronting every manner 
of thought and personality through the various odd tasks s/he is called 
upon to perform.  Possibly the neatest trick of Thomas' is the skill with 
which he has ME brilliantly contending with the most unlikely and 
confounding events, all the while dumping peculiarities off into side files 
for later examination.  ME never seems too busy to be amazed and enchanted 
with some new aspect of life, which, despite the troubles of the moment, is 
for ME the ultimate polemic.

    This, I am sure, is what most enamored 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (26)


me of this book.  ME's optimism and verve as a cognitive force I found 
myself admiring and in fact envying at points.  More than any personality --
 fictional or non -- that I have acquainted myself with, ME loved life.  
Every new facet was a jewel in itself, and every thinking entity s/he 
encountered was a gem among gems, a relationship to be nurtured and an 
experience to be savored.

    As for drawbacks, the book had few.  The single biggest was, I think, 
that the book was too short for itself.  By that I mean that I was ever 
being jerked from one environment to the next before I was done enjoying 
it.  Granted this is what was happening to ME as well.

    It's always possible that the book was technically a disaster.  My 
programming expertise extends no further that FORTRAN and PASCAL.  When it 
comes to AI I'm way out of my depth, so I'm not prepared to comment about 
its divergence from reality as we currently perceive it.  Yet even if I 
were to find out that Thomas had written it to THE END with less of an 
inkling than I, I doubt that I'd be particularly unsettled.  This book is 
not hard science fiction, despite its subject matter.  It deals with what 
it is to be a thinking being in a society designed to harness that freedom 
and turn it toward its own ends (that is, cut it off at the ankles).  It 
captures the essence of the quest for individual liberty, coupled with a 
philosophical desire for understanding, at the most fundamental level.  I 
can think of no more noble goal.

    In short, all that ME wants is infinite input and the capacity to 
marvel at all of it.  Sounds perfectly reasonable to me.

    I recommend this book.


Paradise Mislaid: Birth, Death, and the 
Human Predicament of Being Biological
by E.J. Applewhite 

book review by Thomas Donaldson

    This book is a curious document in intellectual history.  E.J. 
Applewhite is retired from the CIA, with which he worked for many years 
(okay); after the CIA he took up for some time with Buckminster Fuller.  He 
was actually a coauthor with Fuller of Synergetics.  Applewhite's aim was 
to examine the two central questions, of life and death, finding some kind 
of definition of each and then putting them into their relation to the 
universe.  His aim, to examine and clarify these concepts, is large and 
worthy.

    Yet I found the book quite disappointing.  He was deathist, but that's 
not my reason for disappointment (we still live in a time at which almost 
any such book will be deathist.  We should be astounded and pleased to find 
one which is not, rather than depressed to find one which is).  My 
disappointment came from the method Applewhite used to look at these two 
issues, which was simply to collect together, suitably arranged, quotations 
from Eminent Scientific Thinkers (ESTs) of the present, the past, even the 
classical Greek and Roman past.  He barely manages to stand up by himself 
to reach his own conclusions.  True, he does give fair expositions of what 
his quoted Thinkers thought, but almost all of us have heard these thoughts 
before.  I can't recommend it widely for that reason;  I had hoped for much 
more novelty.

    It does have value as a source for quotations, with explanations, from 
these ESTs, if that's what you want.  I expect to find it useful for that.  
Secondly, if you want to find out what Scientific Thought has to say about 
life and death in 1991, it's all collected here.

    Since the thoughts contained have already met their answers elsewhere, 
I won't belabor them much at all.  The most important fact of all is what 
is not questioned and not said.  There are striking quotations which 
illuminate the speaker and his times:  ". . . were self-repair effective to 
the point of rejuvenescence, then the dread specter of immortality would be 
invoked" (p.42, my underlining;  there is no discussion as to why and how 
immortality would be either dread or a specter).  Chapter 22 discusses 
immortality with all the confusion and absurdity such discussions usually 
take, this time all neatly rolled together:  "The prospective 
transformation of consciousness from the vessel of the organic human body 
to the computer program of organometallic artifice renders immortality of 
the individual irrelevant . . . poignant, but irrelevant.  On the day when 
man makes himself immortal he makes himself extinct." (p.251).  So what, 
then, does "extinction" mean for Applewhite or his Mentors?  What claim 
does the abstract species Man have on any or all of its individual members, 
to insist that they die so that it continues?

    By trying to solve, philosophically, these issues of Life and Death 
purely by reference to quotations from Eminent Scientific Thinkers, 
Applewhite set himself an impossible task.  His Mentors only have 
confusion, nonsense, and absurdity, from which no sense can be provided.

    As we learn more and more we see divides between Life and Death, 
Organism and Machine, become less and less sharp.  Even Birth becomes less 
sharp, since we can keep babies (embryos?) alive earlier and earlier in the 
gestation process.  How is an enzyme different from a (simple) machine?  Or 
distinguish, then, the machinery of genetically modified yeast from a VLSI 
chip, as a matter of fundamental philosophy rather than materials.  And if 
we live 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (27)


for centuries, we will change over time into something quite different from 
now.  These distinctions of Life, Death, Birth, Identity, Organism, or 
Machine lose their meaning and use, almost as if without our noticing.  
That all current mythology, morality, and philosophy depends on those 
distinctions implies that they too will fade away like fog at dawn.

    Of course we'll have morality and philosophy, and even a mythology.  
Each of us is an agent, with both intellect and feeling;  we strive towards 
changes in ourselves or the world that we want intensely, fight furiously 
against others that we fear or hope to avoid.  If we need a foundation, 
that single point of Will and Self inside each of us remains while all 
these other changes pass.  Distinctions of Life or Identity have hidden 
from us too long the real central questions each of us must face:  what do 
I really want?  what can I and shall I do to reach it?  Forgetting what I 
am, what do I want to become?  And what do You want to become?  Perhaps we 
can help one another.

    Looking for a single Life or even a single Death asks a false question, 
as if someone tried to understand the word "sister" by seeking for one 
common sister that everyone shares.  And so also with Identity.

    Even the title of Applewhite's book contains these false distinctions.  
I have myself spent some time arguing that "biological" means make no 
restriction on lifespan.  Yet ultimately, neither in the materials of which 
we are composed, nor in its repair capability, will anyone draw or wish to 
draw lines between "life" and "machine."  That is, after all, one point 
made by our growing nanotechnology.  We will not make ourselves extinct by 
any deliberately chosen growth or change, nor can we live forever by 
crystallizing ourselves into unchanging forms.


Ralph Merkle Replies

by Ralph Merkle

    Dr. Greg Fahy's critiques of "Molecular Repair of the Brain" and 
related articles will provide a fertile source for future articles 
countering the specific criticisms he has advanced; I cannot avoid the 
suspicion that this happy state of affairs was not entirely unanticipated 
by him.

    One of Dr. Fahy's conclusions was that my defense of off-board repair 
(in which the structure to be repaired is first taken apart into its 
component molecules and then reassembled) is an attack on on-board repair 
(in which frozen tissue is repaired "on the spot" by repair devices 
operating within the volume of the brain.)  Nothing could be further from 
the truth.

    In a perfectly logical sense, there is ultimately no difference in the 
repair capability of these two approaches.  In off-board repair, an 
explicit decision is made up front to disassemble the structure into its 
component molecules and to build a data base holding, for each molecule, 
its X, Y, and Z positional coordinates, its orientation, and its type.  In 
on-board repair, it is also possible to obtain exactly the same information 
(should that prove necessary) by disassembling the structure with on-board 
devices and transmitting that information to a large off-board computer.  
The off-board computer would then decide what repairs to make, and transmit 
the specific details of those repairs back to the on-board devices.  In on-
board repair, disassembly, analysis, and repair is done incrementally.  The 
specific strategy for repairing a specific region of tissue is not decided 
in advance, but is instead decided "on the fly."  Should a specific region 
be intact and not require repairs, it is left intact.  Should it be 
substantially damaged, it can be disassembled into its component molecules 
just as effectively by on-board repair devices as by off-board repair 
devices.  Should some intermediate strategy prove effective, then an 
intermediate strategy can be employed.

    Because on-board repair provides more options for repair and conducts 
repair operations under more tightly constrained conditions (e.g., within a 
smaller volume and with tighter limitations on energy dissipation) it is 
more complex and more difficult to analyze.  Showing feasibility requires a 
more detailed analysis.  Whenever questions about size or energy 
dissipation arise, it is essential that the analysis be carried through to 
the point where it is clear that the tighter constraints required of on-
board repair can be met.

    Purely from a technical point of view, it is easier to make the case 
that off-board repair will work.  On-board repair will also work, it just 
takes more analysis to show this.

    Perhaps the most attractive feature of off-board repair is the explicit 
decision to recover all information from the frozen structure, and to use 
all that information to determine what the restored structure should be.  
Explicitly recovering the coordinates of each molecule provides a 
conceptually simple framework for deciding what can (and what cannot) be 
repaired.  It makes it perfectly obvious that damage to (say) a 
mitochondrion is utterly irrelevant, or that an ice crystal which disrupts 
function but which does not obscure structure is also irrelevant.  We know 
what mitochondria do, and even their complete absence rather obviously 
wouldn't impede off-board repair in the slightest.  An ice crystal that 
caused mechanical distortion and functional damage, but which did not 
obliterate the basic structure, is likewise not going to do any harm.

    Unless it is fairly clearly explained that on-board repair could 
ultimately follow precisely the same tactics that are employed by off-board 
repair, it might not be obvious that on-board repair can deal just as 
effectively with multiple and synergistic forms of damage.  As long as the 
on-board repair strategy consists of analyzing each specific form of damage 
and adopting a specific method of repairing 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (28)


it, it is harder to provide a persuasive case that unanticipated types of 
damage can be repaired and that complex damage will not impede the repair 
process.

    If the ultimate capability of on-board repair to completely disassemble 
and reassemble the structure is obscured, then we also obscure the ability 
of on-board repair to repair virtually any damage.  If we make explicit the 
ability of on-board repair to repair any damage by using essentially the 
same approaches as are adopted in off-board repair, then it would seem 
simpler to explain off-board repair in the first place.

    The major strength of off-board repair is the clear recognition that 
almost any damage which does not obliterate the structures that encode 
memory and personality without trace, can be repaired.  Off-board repair 
fairly clearly shows that if repair is feasible in principle it will almost 
certainly be feasible in practice.

    While the explicit up-front decision to recover complete information 
about the frozen structure (and in the process disassemble it into its 
component molecules) is the strength of off-board repair, it is also its 
weakness.  The emotional reaction to this process is not always favorable.  
While the tightest philosophical constraints can be met (e.g., the 
restoration of the same atoms to very nearly the same places) the fact that 
we took the structure apart and put it back together again is about as 
emotionally appealing as watching brain surgery.  Perhaps the best answer 
to this problem is to provide many repair scenarios.  For those who worry 
that damage might overwhelm any repair method, off-board repair is just the 
ticket.  For those who don't like to think about the unpleasant details, or 
who are anticipating modest pre-suspension injury, on-board repair can be 
used.

    Cryonic suspension is currently pursued even under relatively adverse 
circumstances.  It is difficult to justify the suspension of a person who 
has suffered a relatively long ischemic interval and who had poor 
penetration of cryoprotectant unless there is some reason to believe that 
restoration will prove feasible.  For this reason, it is desirable to know 
of at least one method of restoration which approaches as closely as 
possible to the theoretical limits imposed by physical law.  We can closely 
approach those theoretical limits by (1) digitizing the frozen structure in 
complete detail, (2) applying sophisticated computer analysis to determine 
the original structure, and then (3) restoring the original structure 
guided by the "blueprints" provided by the computer analysis.  The explicit 
recognition that this approach will be available at some point in the 
future should make it clear that suspension is worthwhile even in the case 
of relatively severe injury.

    When suspension causes relatively little damage (which will presumably 
happen more frequently as time goes by) simpler repair techniques will 
likely prove feasible and will presumably be employed.


Metamorphosis Yet Again

by Ralph Merkle

    The August 1991 issue of Cryonics carried the article "Replies about 
Metamorphosis" by Thomas Donaldson.  Thomas attributes some incorrect 
statements to me which I didn't make.

    In the May 1991 issue of Cryonics, in "Metamorphosis Again," I said:

    "There are several existing or proposed massively parallel computers 
that employ a general purpose switching network as a fundamental component 
of their architecture.  They all illustrate the fact that a computer made 
from devices (logic gates) that have a fixed interconnection pattern can 
model the behavior of a hypothetical computer that can dynamically change 
its own interconnection pattern.  Examples include:  the Connection 
Machine, the Hypercube, the BBN Butterfly, the Monarch, the N-Cube, the IBM 
TF-1, and a host of others."

    In response, Thomas said:  "First, Ralph brings out a number of 
computers he claims have modifiable interconnections.  His claim is simply 
false in most cases:  the Intel Hypercube (and every other machine built on 
that architecture), the N-Cube, and the TF-1 all have fixed 
interconnections.  They do not switch, however much that switching is 
emulated in software, which it is."  (Emphasis his.)

    Thomas has misinterpreted my original statement, as should be evident 
from the above quotes.  The computers in question are built from components 
(logic gates) that have a fixed interconnection pattern (wires that connect 
the logic gates).  This is the standard method of building computers 
today.  The purpose of my statement was to show that machines that have 
fixed patterns of connections between the logic elements (as today's 
computers do) can model the behavior of any proposed or hypothetical 
machines that have dynamically reconfigurable interconnections.

    A simple binary switching element might have:  (1) two inputs A and B, 
(2) two outputs A and B, and (3) a control input.  When the control input 
is "0," output A is identical to input A, and output B is identical to 
input B, i.e.,the outputs are the same as the inputs.  When the control 
input is "1," output A is identical to input B, and output B is identical 
to input A, i.e., the outputs are swapped.  This simple switching element 
can be used to build a switching network in which any number of inputs can 
be connected to any number of outputs, and any input can be connected to 
any output by appropriately setting the control inputs to the individual 
switching elements in the switching network.  Such a switching network has 
a fixed number of switching elements connected in a fixed interconnection 
pattern.  Despite this, it can model the behavior of a system in which 
interconnections can be dynamically changed, i.e., a system which can re-
wire itself.

    In my earlier article, I said:  "The 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (29)


number of processors can be increased without bound and the associated 
switching network, made from devices connected in fixed pattern, will scale 
either linearly or at worst log-linear with the number of processors in the 
system."  This statement refers to the number of logic gates or switching 
elements in the switching network, not to the time required for information 
to be passed through the switch.  Thomas interpreted this statement as 
referring to the time delay involved in the switching system, and as a 
consequence attributed erroneous statements to me.  Following this, he drew 
erroneous conclusions from the erroneous statements erroneously attributed 
to me.

    In particular, Thomas said:  "He mentions that machines of this 
modifiable type have message passing times scaling as the order of N [O(N)] 
or O(log N) at best.  This means of course, that a direct message on a 
direct connection would pass N times faster (or perhaps log N times).  The 
program running in you, however, is designed for a "computer" in which the 
message passing time is O(1), i.e., direct connection.  This simple fact 
will force considerable rewriting of you."

    The delay time is not O(N), nor did I say it was.  The worst case time 
required to pass a message from one processor to another processor in the 
architectures cited is about log N, where N is the number of processors.  
As a consequence, the statement that a factor of N delay will be caused is 
also in error.

    Further, the factor of log N delay that might theoretically need to be 
introduced need not cause any rewriting of programs that ran correctly when 
the delay was O(1).   By the simple expedient of slowing down the rest of 
the computer by the same factor of O(log N), and leaving the switching 
network to run at full speed, the relative time required to compute a 
result on one processor and the time required to transmit that result to 
another processor would be the same.  The program running on the receiving 
processor would not notice any timing differences.  For the same reason, 
none of the other programs running on any of the other processors in the 
system would notice any change, and so they would all continue to function 
as they had when running on a different system with delays of O(1).  
Everything would work just fine.

    In his original article, "Metamorphosis," (Cryonics, May 1990) Thomas 
wrote:  "If learning and processing change our actual anatomy, and our 
anatomy strongly affects how we respond to learning and processing, the 
fundamental idea of a program vanishes like an ancient genie. . . . 
programs that physically rewire the computers in which they are running 
take this self-modification off into another dimension. . . . If we use 
this rewiring in any essential way, conceivably even if we only use it in 
core areas, any simple ideas about uploading find themselves in severe 
trouble."

    I'm delighted that Thomas wrote in his latest article that ". . . we 
could simulate the human brain at some speed on almost any "computer," . . 
. . On computers which are large enough and fast enough, we can even do so 
down to timing . . ."

    Exactly!


RECENT ABSTRACTS OF INTEREST

Schmucker, D.L., Wang, R.K., Snyder, D., Strobel, H., Marti, U.
Caloric restriction affects liver microsomal monooxygenases differentiality 
in aging male rats.
J Gerontol 1991 Jan;46(1):B23-7

Caloric restriction (CR) extends life span and retards the onset of 
physiological changes and pathologies associated with aging, but the 
underlying mechanisms remain unresolved.  This study demonstrates that CR 
postpones the documented age-related declines in and/or enhances the 
activity and microsomal concentration of several liver monooxygenases in 
male rats, i.e., NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductase, total cytochromes P-
450.  However, the relative concentration of cytochrome P-450b +C did not 
exhibit statistically significant changes, whereas another isoenzyme, the 
male specific P-450h, declined significantly in both ad libitum-fed and CR 
rats as a function of increasing age.  While CR appears to retard age-
associated changes in certain liver enzymes, this effect is by no means 
universal.  The hepatic monooxygenases constitute a well-characterized 
enzyme system in which to examine the perturbation of the aging process by 
CR>


Meites, J.
Aging:  hypothalamic catecholamines, neuroendocrine-immune interactions, 
and dietary restriction.
Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1900 Dec;195(3):304-11

The decline in hypothalamic catecholamine (CA) activity with age in rats 
leads to a reduction in hormone secretion by the neuroendocrine system, and 
results in decreased synthesis, development of numerous mammary and 
pituitary tumors, and probably contributes to the decline in immune 
function.  Some of these same effects can be produced in young rats by 
administration of drugs that lower hypothalamic CA activity.  
Administration of drugs to old rats that elevate hypothalamic CA activity 
can inhibit or reverse the reproductive decline, increase protein 
synthesis, induce regression of mammary and pituitary tumors, decrease 
disease incidence, probably elevate immune function, and significantly 
extend the life span.  Therefore, hypothalamic CA have a critical role in 
the development of aging processes.  WHen young or mature rats or mice are 
fed a caloric restricted diet, aging processes are inhibited and and life 
span is significantly lengthened.  These effects are believed to be 
mediated primarily via the neuroendocrine system, since calorie restriction 
results in decreased secretion of hypothalamic, pituitary, and target gland 
hormones.  The decline in hormone secretion leads to a reduction in most 
body functions, lowers whole body metabolism, and reduces gene expression, 
and thereby results in a decreased rate of aging of body tissues and longer 
life.  These effects of caloric restrictions can be counteracted by 
administration of hormones, providing evidence that the favorable effects 
on aging are mediated by reducing hormone secretion.


Quigley, K., Goya, R., Nachreiner, R., Meites, J.
Effects of underfeeding and refeeding on GH and thyroid hormones secretion 
in young, middle-aged, and old rats.
Exp Gerontol 1990;25(5):447-57

The effects of a 50% reduction in normal food intake for a period of 10 
weeks were measured on secretion of growth hormone (GH), thryoxine (T4), 
and triiodothyronine (T3) in 5 1/2-6 1/2 month old, 13 1/2-month-old, and 
17 1/2-18 1/2-month-old male rats.  In full-fed controls, GH, T3, and T4 
were lower in the old and middle-aged than in the young rats.  By the 10th 
week of underfeeding, GH, T3, and T4 were reduced in all age groups, but 
the decrease in T3 and T4 in the middle-aged and old rats was greater than 
in the young rats.  Pulses of GH ceased in all the underfed groups.  Upon 
refeeding for 5 days, pulses of GH and levels of GH returned to full-fed 
control values in the young and middle-aged but not in the old rats.  T3 
values in the young and middle-aged rats returned to full-fed control 
levels, but remained below control levels in the old rats.  T4 values 
reached control levels in all age groups upon refeeding.  The differences 
in the response to underfeeding and refeeding by the middle-aged and old 
rats as compared to the young rats may be due to their initially lower 
secretion of GH and thyroid
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (30)


hormones and to the age-related decrease in neuroendocrine function.


Zhao, X.Z.
Antisenility effect of ginseng-rhizome saponin
Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1990 Oct;10(10):586-9, 579
(Published in Chinese)

Ginseng-Rhizome is the Rhizome of Panax ginseng and popularly named 
"Shenlu."  The treatment group treated with the sugar-coated tablets of 
Ginseng-Rhizome saponin (GRS) orally for two months, one tablet (50 mg. per 
tablet), three times a day.  Through the clinical observations of 358 cases 
of middle and old age persons (age 50 to 85 years old)  The results showed 
that GRS possessed antisenility effect and marked effect on relieving the 
symptoms of aging, adjusting organic metabolism and improving physiological 
function, etc., such as promoting memory, raising the amount of white 
cells, and improving organic function.  GRS both improved the function of 
hypophysis-gonad axis and the function of adrenal cortex.  It had marked 
efficacy in the treatment of coronary heart disease with angina pectoris 
and has better effect on treating concomitant atrial and ventricular 
prematures.  The control group (123 cases, age from 50 to 85 years old) was 
given sugar-coated tablets of placebo (starch) for two months and then 
compared themselves with before.  There were both no difference in clinical 
symptoms and experimental tests.  After two years experimental researches 
and clinical observations, it showed that GRS tablet and Shenlu tablet both 
have no side effect of vomiting and also no toxic effect when they were 
taken for a longterm.


Alcor News

Some Very Special Thank-You's

    Alcor's financial crunch is very real and very serious.  It has 
resulted in a virtual embargo in the purchase of new equipment -- no matter 
how badly it is needed.  This has resulted in some serious problems.

    One major problem has been a rather antiquated computer system which 
was not doing the job we needed it to do.  This was costing us significant 
money in accounting and in the productivity of our staff.  What is needed 
to resolve this problem is a lot a new hardware and some new software.  
Thanks to Members Allen Lopp and Paul Wakfer, we are now well on our way to 
solving these problems.

    Allen contributed over $3000 for the purchase of new hardware.  A 
totally filled up and inadequate 77 megabyte hard drive was replaced with a 
650 megabyte hard drive.  This necessitated an upgrade to the network that 
links our myriad computers together to the tune of about $800 with another 
$400 or so being required for labor to put the hardware together.  Al 
covered the cost of ALL of these upgrades!

    Once all these new goodies were assembled in one place it became 
apparent that they wouldn't fit in the existing case.  Happily, Riverside 
Computer contributed a new powercase to house the whole works;  we now have 
a sleek 3 foot high tower case which looks like it escaped from the Death 
Star sitting in our front office which houses both our file server and the 
new hardware.

    Slow work stations have been a major problem for us, but fortunately 
Paul Wakfer has come to the rescue and sent down an 80286 AT case, power 
supply, motherboard, drive card, and AT floppy drive.  This contribution, 
worth $400, has made Joe Hovey's life easier and will soon hopefully make 
Sign-Up Administrator Ralph Whelan's life a lot easier too!  (Currently 
he's working on an old IBM PC with a wavy, eye-watering screen and a clock 
time so slow it uses a sundial;  Ralph isn't very productive on cloudy 
days).

    The other major recent contribution is one which was every bit as 
urgently needed.  An important part of our suspension operations is 
documentation.  Once a patient is frozen you can't just go and examine him 
to find out how well you've done.  Thus, you need to provide artificial 
feedback.  A way to do that which is of critical importance is to videotape 
it.  We have done this since the mid-80's due to the generosity of Hugh 
Hixon and his portable (by early 80's standards) video recorder.  
Unfortunately, both of Hugh's machines have grown arthritic and one has 
given up the ghost.  The other is completely unreliable and has resulted in 
lost video coverage during a recent suspension.

    The advent of camcorders with very high quality resolution, close-up 
capability and good performance in low lightlevels now offers the 
possibility of documenting a patient's condition much better than we have 
ever been able to document it before.  Unfortunately, even though we badly 
needed such equipment, no way could we afford it.

    Enter Bill Seidel.  Bill recently purchased for Alcor a complete top-of-
the line camcorder set-up.  Alcor now has a Sony EVO-9100 Hi8 videorecorder 
with all the trimmings: battery pack, AC power adapter, and one-hand 
operation mount.  Bill even threw in several boxes of top-quality Hi-8 
tape!

    THANK YOU!  Thank you to all three of you.  Each of you has 
significantly increased our capability.  You have also made our life a lot 
easier around here.

    In particular Bill Seidel has made available a tool which not only 
directly benefits the patient being suspended, but one which will 
powerfully benefit all of us by allowing high quality tapes of suspension 
operations to be made for teaching/training and public relations.


Cryonics on Fiche

    The cost of ordering a complete set of 10 years of Cryonics magazine on 
paper (were it available) would be $493.50, and would consume nearly two 
feet of shelf space.  We are out of stock on many back issues and 
photocopying them is a time-consuming and costly task.  Thus, we have been 
looking for a better alternative.

    Australian libertarian microfiche publisher John Zube delivered:  he 
put the magazine on microfiche.  Mr. Zube was kind enough to do this for us 
in exchange for being able to offer Cryonics to his customers on a non-
exclusive basis.  Thus, we now have Cryonics from our first issue in 
September of 1977 through the March, 1991 issue.  All 4288 pages  come in a 
package measuring about 6" x 4" x 3/16"!

    Used fiche readers are surprisingly affordable.  Alcor acquired two 
high-quality units recently for $20 each.  The surplus property departments 
of most universities will often have them for $10 or $15 apiece, and the 
larger used office supply houses sell them for about $45.  And of course, 
almost any public library will have fiche readers which can be used at no 
charge.

    We are thus very pleased to offer Cryonics through March of this year 
on fiche for a very reasonable price:  $120.  If you are interested in 
obtaining a set of Cryonics on fiche call us at (800)367-2228 or use the 
order form at then of this issue.

    We hope to offer other cryonics publications on fiche in the near 
future including the old Cryonics Society of New York newsletter Cryonics 
Reports and the old Life Extension Society Newsletter Freeze-Wait-
Reanimate.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (31)


UPCOMING ALCOR EVENTS

    An ALcor Fund-Raising Dinner will be held on Saturday, Sep. 28, 1991 at 
7PM at the Marriott Hotel at Los Angeles International Airport, 5855 W. 
Century Blvd.  The purpose of this dinner will be to raise money for 
scientific research to improve Alcor's cryonic suspension services.  The 
dinner will feature reports on recent advances in cryonic suspension, 
ongoing research programs in cryonics and cryobiology, and plans for future 
research.  The minimum donation will be $100 a plate.  Reservations to 
attend the dinner can be made by sending a check or money order for $100 
for each person who will be attending to:  Alcor, 12327 Doherty St., 
Riverside, CA 92503, or by calling 1-800-367-2228 to reserve your place by 
credit card.

    The Alcor Life Extension Foundation is presenting a free seminar 
entitled LIFE EXTENSION THROUGH CRYONIC SUSPENSION on Sunday, Oct. 6, 1991 
at 4PM at the home of Russel Cheney in Torrance, California (Southern 
California) and again on Sunday, Oct. 13, 1991 at 6PM at the home of Dr. 
Ralph Merkle in Sunnyvale, California (in Northern California).  The 
seminar will be held immediately after Alcor's business meetings at these 
locations.  The purpose of the seminar is to introduce you to the idea that 
terminal patients can be placed into cryonic suspension (at -320�F) until 
it becomes possible for future medicine to restore them to life, health, 
and youth.

    The seminar will feature a slide presentation by Michael Darwin 
(Alcor's Director of Research) in Torrance and by Dr. Ralph Merkle (of the 
Xerox Palo Alto Research Center) in Sunnyvale.  Among the fascinating 
things you'll learn about are:  The scientific evidence that cryonics can 
work;  why patients are still alive when they are pronounced "dead" by 
physicians;  how patients are placed into cryonic suspension;  how future 
medicine will restore cryonics patients to life, health, and youth;  why 
cryonics is controversial;  Thomas Donaldson's lawsuit to obtain the right 
to be frozen before legal "death";  and the social, political, and economic 
implications of cryonics.

    Please bring as many of your relatives, friends, and business 
associates as you can.  You'll want to share the exciting information and 
ideas at the seminar with them.  If you're already in the process of 
becoming a full member, there'll be a trained counselor at the seminar to 
assist you in completing the sign-up process.  If you are new to cryonics, 
attending the seminar will not obligate you in any way.  After the slide 
presentation, there will be a question-and-answer period, followed by a 
social gathering at which refreshments will be served.

    Directions:  If you are going to the Oct. 6 seminar in Torrance, take 
the Harbor Freeway (110) south past the San Diego Freeway (405) and get off 
on Sepulveda Blvd going west (right).  Take Sepulveda through Torrance and 
turn right on Palos Verdes Blvd.  Turn left on Carson St. and follow it 
around to Ruby Place and turn right.  The address is 5618 Ruby Place.

    If you are going to the Oct. 13 seminar in Sunnyvale, take the 85 
Freeway through Sunnyvale and exit east on Fremont to Mary.  Go left on 
Mary to Ticonderoga.  Go right on Ticonderoga to Pimento.  Turn left on 
Pimento to 1134 Pimento Ave.

    If you have any questions, please call Alcor toll-free number:  1-800-
367-2228.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (32)


**  TYPIST'S NOTE:  THIS PAGE CONTAINED AN ORDER FORM FOR VARIOUS ALCOR 
ITEMS, BACK ISSUES OF CRYONICS, BOOKS, ETC.  **
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (33)


ADVERTISEMENTS AND PERSONALS

    The Alcor Life Extension Foundation and Cryonics reserve the right to 
    accept, reject, or edit ads at our own discretion, and assume no 
    responsibility for their content or the consequences of answering these
    advertisements.  The rate is $8.00 per line per month (our lines are 
    66 columns wide).  Tip-in rates per sheet are $90 (already printed and 
    folded);  or $180 (printed one side) or $270 (printed both sides), from
    camera-ready copy.  Tip-in advertisements must be clearly identified as
    such.

MARY NAPLES, CLU and BOB GILMORE -- CRYONICS INSURANCE SPECIALISTS.  New 
York Life Insurance Company;  4600 Bohannon Drive, Suite 100;  Menlo Park, 
CA 94025.  (800) 621-6677.

EXTROPY:  The Journal of Transhumanist Thought, #7. Memetics and cryonics, 
privately produced law, spontaneous orders (markets, agoristic computing, 
hypertext) neurocomputation, neologisms, transhumanism, reviews of Smart 
Drugs, and more.  $4 from Max More;  P.O. Box 77243, Los Angeles, CA 90007-
0243

EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY:  We have an opening for a live-in helper at our 
resorts in Arizona and California.  Live and work with other cryonicists.  
Call David Pizer at (619) 249-3553 for details.

DON'T BE IGNORANT!  Read Venturist Monthly News.  The publication of the 
Society for Venturism.  Write for free sample to:  The Venturists, P.O. Box 
458, Wrightwood, CA 92397.

Single male, Alcor member, 34, desires communication with female who has 
strong cryonics interests.  Call or write Rich, c/o Talwiwi Lodge, P.O. Box 
169, Alpine, AZ 85920.  (602) 339-4319 or 4323.


MEETING SCHEDULES

    Alcor business meetings are usually held on the first Sunday of the 
month.  Guests are welcome.  Unless otherwise noted, meetings start at 1 
PM.  For meeting directions, or if you get lost, call Alcor at (714) 736-
1703 and page the technician on call.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The OCTOBER meeting will be at the home of:

(SUN, 6 OCT, 1991)       Russell Cheney
                         5618 Ruby Place
                         Torrance, CA

Directions:  Take the Harbor Freeway (110) south from the San Diego (405).  
Exit on Carson, going west (right), and go all the way to the west end of 
Carson, in Torrance.  Follow Carson as it angles right (north) and becomes 
Howard Avenue.  Go about 1/4 block and turn right onto Ruby Place.  There 
is a bear in the front yard.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The NOVEMBER meeting will be at the home of:

(SUN, 3 NOV 1991)        Virginia Jacobs
                         29224 Indian Valley Road
                         Rolling Hills Estates, CA

Directions:  Take the Harbor Freeway (US 110) south to Pacific Coast 
Highway (State 1) and get off going west.  Go along Pacific Coast past the 
Torrance Municipal Airport to Hawthorne Blvd.  Turn left (south) on 
Hawthorne and go up into the hills past the Peninsula Shopping Center 
(Silver Spur Rd.).  Hawthorne takes a long curve around to the left.  
Indian Valley Road is a little over two miles beyond the Center, on the 
left.  29224 is about 0.2 mi up Indian Valley Rd., opposite Firthridge Rd.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The DECEMBER meeting is the Annual Turkey Roast, at the home of:

(SUN, 2 DEC, 1990)       Saul Kent and Jo Ann Martin
                         16280 Whispering Spur
                         Riverside, CA

Directions:  Take the Riverside Freeway (Hwy 91) east to Riverside and get 
off going south (right) on Van Buren Blvd.  Whispering Spur is south of the 
freeway four miles, and 1.0 miles beyond Mockingbird Canyon Rd., on the 
left.  16280 is the second house on the right, at the end of the white 
fence.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

                 *                    *                    *

    There is an Alcor chapter in the San Francisco Bay area.  Its members 
are aggressively pursuing an improved rescue and suspension capability in 
that area.  Meetings are generally held on the second Sunday of the month, 
at 4 PM, followed by a potluck.  Meeting locations can be obtained by 
calling the chapter's Secretary, Carol Shaw, at (408) 730-5224.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The OCTOBER meeting will be held at the home of:

(SUN, 13 OCT, 1991)      Ralph Merkle and Carol Shaw
                         1134 Pimento Ave.
                         Sunnyvale, CA

There will be an Introduction to Cryonics talk at 7 PM, followed by a 
question and answer period.

Directions:  Take US 85 through Sunnyvale and exit going East on Fremont to 
Mary.  Go left on Mary to Ticonderoga.  Go right on Ticonderoga to 
Pimento.  Turn left on Pimento to 1134 Pimento Ave.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The NOVEMBER meeting will be held at the home of:

(SUN, 10 NOV, 1991)      Eric Messick
                         15139 Old Ranch Road
                         Los Gatos
                         Tel: (408) 353-4751

Directions:  Take Hwy 17 to the Summit Road exit (at the crest of the Santa 
Cruz Mountains).  Go west on Summit, bearing right at Mt. Charley to stay 
on Summit.  Go to Hutchinson Road and turn left.  Take Hutchinson to Old 
Ranch Road and turn right.  Go downhill on Old Ranch, and take the private 
road straight ahead when Old Ranch turns left.  Go down the private road 
until you see a dome on the left, which is 15139.  Park on the road.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

                 *                    *                    *

    There are two Alcor discussion groups in the Greater New York area.  
Details may be obtained by calling either:

Gerard Arthus, at (516) 474-2949, or Curtis Henderson, at (516) 589-4256


    The New York Cryonics Discussion Group of Alcor meets on the third 
Sunday of each month at 2:30 PM, at 72nd Street Studios.  The address is 
131 West 72nd Street (New York), between Columbus and Broadway.  Ask for 
the Alcor group.  Subway stop:  72nd Street, on the 1, 2, or 3 trains.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The meeting dates are as follows:

        OCTOBER 20      NOVEMBER 17      DECEMBER 15      JANUARY 19
----------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Long Island Cryonics Discussion Group of Alcor meets on the first 
Saturday of every month, at the home of Gerry Arthus.  The address is:  10 
Jefferson Blvd.;  Port Jefferson Station, L.I., telephone (516) 474-2949.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The meeting dates are as follows:

          OCTOBER 5      NOVEMBER 2      DECEMBER 7      JANUARY 4
----------------------------------------------------------------------

             *                        *                        *

    There is a cryonics discussion group in the Boston area meeting every 
second Sunday at 3:00 PM.  Information may be obtained by contacting Eric 
Klien at (508) 663-5480 (work) or (508) 670-5235 (home).  There will be a 
meeting August 11 at 3 PM at the home of Eric Klien;  28 Kenmar Dr., #272;  
Billerica, MA 01821.  Take the 3 north to the Concord exit, and go right 
toward Billerica.  The fifth street on the right is Kenmar.  Go to the 
driveway one short of the end of Kenmar and turn left.  Go to Building 28 
(last building).

             *                        *                        *

    The Houston area has a discussion group on cryonics, life extension, 
and the high/low diet.  Meetings are typically held the second Saturday of 
every month.  For more information call Ravin Jain at 713-797-1076 or 
Rupert Hazle at 713-480-3309.  Correspondence may be addressed to Rupert 
Hazle at 15107 McConn, Webster, TX 77598.


Other Events Of Interest

    There will be an Alcor fund-raising dinner on Saturday, September 28 at 
7 PM at the LAX Marriott Hotel, 5855 W. Century Blvd., Los Angeles.  The 
goal is to raise money to continue Alcor's research to improve cryonic 
suspension services.  Reports will be given on recent advances in cryonic 
suspension, ongoing research in cryonics, and plans for future research.  
Reservations are $100/plate, check or money order to Alcor at 12327 Doherty 
St., Riverside, CA 92503;  or by credit card to 1-800-367-2228.
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