 
                                  CRYONICS

         Volume 12(8)           AUGUST, 1991               Issue 133

                               ISSN 1054-4305

Cover:  "Jerry Leaf (left) and Mike Darwin begin removing the Dimplar foil 
around Dr. James Bedford."


FEATURE ARTICLES

    2     OPERATING BUDGET WOES
              Chipping away at the deficit.
          Carlos Mondragon

    5     COLD WAR:  THE CONFLICT BETWEEN CRYONICISTS
          AND CRYOBIOLOGISTS
              A report from the frontlines -- Part III.
          Mike Darwin

    11    LEAF'S PARADOX
              A faithful reproduction isn't.
          Jerry Leaf

    11    REPLIES ABOUT METAMORPHOSIS
              Any port in a storm. . .
          Thomas Donaldson

    13    FUNDING CRYONIC SUSPENSION -- A CRITIQUE
          Howard S. Katz

    17    DR. BEDFORD GETS A NEW SUIT
          Ralph Whelan

    22    EVALUATION OF THE CONDITION OF DR. BEDFORD
          AFTER 24 YEARS OF CRYONIC SUSPENSION
          Mike Darwin

    25    A LESSON FROM POLITICAL EXPERIENCE
          Allen J. Lopp

    26    STAR WARS TRILOGY, COMPUTER GAMES, AND
          EXPANSION BRIDGES MADE OF DIAMOND FIBERS
              Linda Chamberlain

COLUMNS

    8     FOR THE RECORD
          Mike Perry

    9     FUTURE TECH
          Keith Henson

DEPARTMENTS

    1     Up Front

    2     Letters to the Editors

    30    Alcor News

    33    Advertising and Personals

    33    Upcoming Events



CRYONICS is the magazine of the Alcor Life Extension Foundation, Inc.

Managing Editor:  Ralph Whelan
Editor:  Hugh Hixon
Contributing Editor:  Mike Darwin
Production Editors:  Eric Geislinger and Jane Talisman

Published monthly.  Individual subscriptions:  $25 per year in the US;  $35 
per year in Canada and Mexico;  $40 per year all others.  Back issues are 
$3.50 each in the US, Canada, and Mexico;  $4.50 each all others.

Please address all editorial correspondence to ALCOR, 12327 Doherty Street, 
Riverside, CA 92503 or phone (800) 367-2228 or (714) 736-1703.  FAX #:  
(714) 736-6917.

Contents copyright 1991 by the Alcor Life Extension Foundation, Inc., 
except where otherwise noted.  All rights reserved.  The opinions expressed 
herein are not necessarily those of the Alcor Life Extension Foundation or 
its Board of Directors or management.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                     (1)


Up Front

Prozac/Deprenyl Caution

    The FDA Drug Letter is warning of a possibly serious drug interaction 
between the popular antidepressant Prozac and the popular anti-
aging/antiparkinson's drug deprenyl (sold in the U.S. under the trade name 
of Eldepryl).  Some patients taking both drugs for Parkinsonism and 
depression reported disturbances in mentation and balance.  Persons taking 
Prozac should probably not take deprenyl until this possibly unfavorable 
interaction is better documented.  Consult your physician for further 
information.


UK Facility Holding On

    The UK cryonics facility is still there, but barely.  And only because 
the commercial real estate market is so bad in England that the bank hasn't 
been able to move it.  This has created a fortunate window of opportunity 
and the UK people have been working very hard to raise the  money.  So far 
they are a little short of halfway there -- still needing about $60K in 
U.S. dollars.  Again, we urge anyone who can provide financial assistance 
on this matter to IMMEDIATELY contact Alcor Southern California.  As in the 
past, we are willing to accept shares in the building as a prepayment 
toward cryonic suspension.  This has real advantages to the purchaser over 
traditional life insurance since real estate is typically inflation-proof, 
whereas life insurance is not.


For The Layman:  At Last An Excellent Tutorial On Brain Ischemia and Stroke

    The July issue of Scientific American contains a truly excellent 
article by Justin Zivin and Dennis Choi on the mechanisms of injury to 
brain cells during stroke (incomplete ischemia) and cardiac arrest 
(complete ischemia).  The article focuses primarily on the cascade of 
events leading up to the eventual death of brain cells as a result of a 
stroke, but cryonicists will find the article of interest as well, since 
the mechanisms by which cells are injured in stroke are broadly similar to 
those which cause injury as a result of cardiac arrest.  An especially nice 
feature of this article is its truly superb graphics and its focus on 
emerging treatments for stroke and cardiac arrest which may eliminate most 
or all of the damage from these currently devastating medical problems.


Companion Animal Suspension -- Our 8th

    On 6 May, 1991 Alcor placed a small terrier-mix dog into cryonic 
suspension.  The animal was of very advanced age and extremely 
debilitated.  This companion animal (CA) suspension brings to eight the 
total number of companion animals in Alcor's care.  Thus, we have slightly 
more than half as many CAs in our care as we have human patients.  Current 
statistics:  seven dogs and one cat.


MEMBERSHIP STATUS

    Alcor has 242 Suspension Members, 515 Associate Members (includes 205 
people in the process of becoming Suspension Members), and 17 members in 
suspension.


ACS Contributes to Alcor v. Mitchell Fund

    We wish to gratefully acknowledge a contribution in the amount of $1880 
that was made by the members of the American Cryonics Society (ACS) in 
support of the case against the California Department of Health Services.  
This case, known around Alcor as simply the "DHS case" is arguably the most 
important legal action in the history of cryonics.  As most of our regular 
readers will know, the DHS has been trying to shut down cryonics in 
California since 1981 and Alcor has been fighting that action in the courts 
-- so far with great success, but also at great expense.  This much 
appreciated and desperately needed contribution by ACS will help the battle 
along.  So far our costs have been in excess of $100,000 in prosecuting 
this case.  Our thanks to the leadership and membership of ACS for lending 
a hand with this important effort.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                     (2)


Letters to the Editor


Dear Cryonics,

    Every time I turn around, some Suspension or Associate Member is 
tapping me on the shoulder or calling me up to voice some comment or 
suggestion or disagreement about something in this magazine.  I know that 
the editors try to put something for everyone in Cryonics, and they come 
close enough that most members feel violently in support of or in 
opposition to at least one thing in each issue.

    I think this is great.  I want to hear what they've got to say.  But 
why don't they let the membership hear it too?  Why don't they try to spark 
thoughts and comments in other peoples' minds?  Don't they know that the 
best way to do this, short of calling up hundreds of 800 people, is to 
write a Letter to the Editor?

    Come on, members.  Help the editors out, and help spread ideas and 
innovation into other fertile minds.  I've got enough to do around here 
that I shouldn't have to spend time writing letters to myself.

Ralph Whelan
Managing Editor, Cryonics


Operating Budget Woes

by Carlos Mondragon

    To paraphrase Dickens:  It is the best of times and it is the worst of 
times.  The best of times because there has never been a cryonics 
organization which has come even close to matching Alcor's achievements 
technologically or economically.  The geometric rate of growth in our 
membership shows every sign of continuing.  Our research program is poised 
to make exciting progress.  Our Patient Care Fund is huge in relation to 
the current needs of our members in suspension.  So why is it also "the 
worst of times?"

    For some time now there have been references in these pages to Alcor's 
tight operating budget and our perennial deficit.  This is not at all an 
unusual state of affairs for a non-profit organization.  While our Patient 
Care Fund is quite solvent, and we expect that we will continue to succeed 
in raising funds for research, the money available for the day-to-day costs 
of operating the organization and financing our rapid growth is never 
enough.

    Because fund accounting (a system which would provide separate balance 
sheets and revenue and expense statements for each part of our business) is 
among the things we have decided we can't yet afford, operating budget 
problems are not obvious to the untrained eye when examining our financial 
statements.  Even one very savvy businessman expressed surprise when I 
explained the gravity of the situation, since he had seen our financials 
published in the April issue of Cryonics.  While it is true that our 
prospects for long-term financial stability are very good, that doesn't 
address short-term problems.  This article is meant to explain those 
problems and offer up some possible solutions.


Where We Stand Now

    When our first quarter numbers were compiled in early April, they were 
alarming enough to cause us to hold a special directors and staff meeting 
on April 23rd.  At this meeting we studied the figures and formulated 
plans.

    In the six month period from October 1st, 1990 to March 31st, 1991 our 
average monthly operating income was $19,741, while average monthly 
expenses were $34,437 -- leaving a whopping monthly deficit of $14,696.  
These numbers do not include suspensions, patient care, or any 
extraordinary income such as residual payments from the Jones Trust.  The 
numbers do include our legal expenses.

    We decided to look forward at the 12 months beginning May 1st, 1991.  
If we were to maintain the averages above, there would be a deficit of 
$176K.  Our current resources (cash and receivables) in the general fund 
amount to $165k.  Thus, if we did nothing, we would run out of money by 
March of 1992.  Clearly, doing nothing is not an option.


Fixing the Problem

    First we made the easy and painless spending cuts.  These included 
travel, shipping expenses, and enhancements to the Emergency Response 
System.  Total savings:  $3,045/month.  This reduced the monthly deficit to 
$11,651, bringing the 12 month deficit down to $140K.

    Next we looked for additional sources of revenue.  Effective June 1st, 
1991 subscription renewals to Cryonics will cost $35 in the U.S., $40 in 
Canada and Mexico, and $45 everywhere else.  This will reduce the deficit 
by another $5K, at our current rate of subscription renewal.  Beginning 
this fall (possibly sooner), interest income from the Jones Operating 
Endowment Fund will begin flowing in at about $3,330/month.  Dues income 
from increased membership was very conservatively estimated at $30K 
starting in May of 1992.  Residual income from the Jones Trusts was also 
very conservatively estimated at $30K over the next six months.  All of 
this added up brought the 12 month deficit down to $55K.

    Again, if we did nothing else, this would put us at April 30, 1992 with 
reserve resources of $29K and facing a projected 12 month deficit of $55K --
 run-
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                     (3)


ning out of money in December of 1992.  Still not good enough.

    Eliminating that remaining $55K deficit has and will necessitate some 
hard choices.  Payroll and associated taxes are by far the biggest part of 
our budget.  Since we are all now taking home subsistence level paychecks 
(by Southern California standards), I adamantly opposed any further 
reductions -- productivity gets real low when people spend too much time 
worrying about their immediate survival.  It is much preferable to 
eliminate staff.  And so that is what we decided to do.  At the end of 
August, the administrative position held by Arthur McCombs will be 
eliminated.  Ralph Whelan, Joe Hovey, Mike Darwin, myself, and as much 
volunteer labor as we can muster will divide up the work.  We will be 
reducing the amount we pay sign-up coordinators, and at the same time 
trying to minimize the use of them.  We are cutting what we pay for 
accounting services by having Joe Hovey do more of that work.  Finally, 
using the new book, "Cryonics:  Reaching for Tomorrow" as a complete 
information package for inquiries will save a few thousand dollars in 
postage and printing.  After all of this, we're still looking at a $19K 
deficit for the 12 months beginning May 1st, 1992;  the money in our 
reserves would thus run out sometime in early 1994.

    At this point, we decided that a projected $19K deficit a year away is 
at least a manageable problem.  Remember that we based all of the above on 
very conservative assumptions.  There are tenuous sources of income (such 
as membership growth) that we didn't count.  On the downside, any large and 
unexpected legal matter could cause us serious problems.

    Over the next few months we will be working to find more revenue and 
more expenses to cut.  We've determined that if we can't make substantial 
progress in further reducing that projected $19K deficit, further staff 
reductions may be necessary (it wouldn't be a good thing, but Alcor could 
limp along with minimum capabilities, i.e. do some backtracking).  A modest 
increase in ER Dues is almost certainly on the way, sometime in early 1992 
(but dues will still be less than at other cryonics organizations).  We are 
also investigating the possibility of offering a Remote Standby Agreement, 
income potential as yet unknown.


The JONES ENDOWMENT FUND

    The most important step which Alcor's board has taken was the creation 
of the Jones Endowment Fund.  This fund contains permanent capital which 
will generate interest income for our operations.  Only the interest will 
ever be used -- contributions to this fund will become part of the 
permanent capital base.  The initial funding in this Endowment consists of 
$400K coming from our interest in the Jones house.  (Another $200K from the 
house similarly belongs to the Patient Care Fund.)

    By committing such a large sum to a permanent Endowment, we have 
restricted ourselves from spending this resource in a haphazard manner.  
Additionally, this Endowment offers a long-term solution to the problem.  
Obviously, the income from this fund will grow in step with contributions 
to the capital.

    Alcor has always provided levels of services and capabilities far 
greater than what would be made possible by membership dues alone.  The 
shortfall has always 

** DIAGRAM SPACE **
** CAPTION -- 

"This graph depicts our approximate monthly income versus our approximate 
monthly expenditure for the seven month period from October of 1990 to 
April of 1991."

**
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                     (4)


been made up by ad hoc voluntary giving.  While this kind of contribution 
will always be needed and welcome, having a predictable stream of income 
from the Jones Endowment will lessen our day-to-day dependence on 
donations.

    Given the levels at which we want to operate, and our predicted 
membership growth, we have set a capital goal for the Jones Endowment.  We 
want to raise $300,000 over the next five years.  When added to the $400K 
we already have, the total capital of $700K will yield enough income to 
cover normal operations, when combined with our regular revenues.

    Having  used up two pages telling you in fairly dry terms about the 
nature of the problem and what we are doing to fix it, I'd like to use up 
another page or two explaining the situation to you in slightly different 
terms and telling you what you can do to help us fix it.

    Over the course of the last year or two Alcor has grown tremendously.  
Many of our newer members will know little of our history or of how we 
really operate.  They will probably take for granted that the level of 
service that is offered is being addressed by the charges made for dues and 
other services.  If only this were so!  The problem is that Alcor suffers 
from a lack of economies of scale.  We are offering a very sophisticated 
service to a very few people.

    In practical terms this can best be understood by appreciating that we 
have to have emergency response and perfusion staff available whether we 
are doing four suspensions per year, or forty.  Similarly we need 
bookkeeping, legal, and other professional services.  The cost of these 
services is being divided over 242 members at this time.  For us to "break 
even" at the current level of operations, it would need to be divided over 
approximately 700 people.  Clearly, that is going to happen, but not 
necessarily soon enough to fix the problem.

** DIAGRAM SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"These graphs plot our anticipated income from membership dues and 
contributions versus our total expenditures.  Both assume a 25% membership 
growth per year (conservative, given our average growth of the last 3 
years, 35%), and a 10% increase in expenditures.  Economies of scale should 
keep them from growing in step with each other.  Version I depicts a base 
yearly expense of $250,000 (where we'd like to be), while Version II 
depicts a base yearly expense of $400,000.  Neither takes an Operating 
Endowment into account."

**

    In the meantime, we have some tough choices to make.  Or to be far more 
honest, YOU have some tough choices to make.  These choices can be summed 
up very simply:  just how important to you is the current level of service 
that we offer?

    And just as much to the point, how important to you is research and the 
prospect of radically improving the quality of suspension?  Unless we can 
address our operating shortfall in some rational manner until growth 
catches up and spreads out the costs a little better, we are going to have 
to make the deep cuts discussed in the first part of this article.  Those 
cuts will translate to a large-scale shifting of administrative duties to 
staff that would normally be engaged in research or patient care work.  
That means less research gets done -- a lot less.

    Currently Mike Darwin and Hugh Hixon (working in conjunction with Jerry 
Leaf of Cryovita) are engaged in a number of projects which I believe are 
of critical importance to the future of cryonics and Alcor.  I'll briefly 
list these projects (they are not in any order of priority):

    1) Case histories on all Alcor patients are being prepared and the 
    enormous volume of data accumulated is being graphed.  A paper will 
    then be prepared from this work documenting for the first time the 
    benefits of high quality transport and cryoprotective perfusion.

    2) Animal work, most of which is al-
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                     (5)


    ready completed, is being prepared for publication documenting the 
    degree of preservation (ultrastructural and histological) being 
    achieved with current suspension techniques.

    3)  The path-breaking Alcor and Cryovita work (in 1984-1986) 
    documenting successful four-hour, bloodless perfusion of dogs is in 
    the final stages of preparation for publication.

    4)  Transport techniques are being evaluated in an ambitious project 
    using pigs;  the first two of these experiments have already been 
    completed.

    5) Perhaps most important, construction is underway on a new 
    refrigerated perfusion system which will shortly be used to evaluate 
    a new cryoprotectant compound which preliminary studies conducted by 
    Alcor investigators indicates will greatly reduce -- if not completely 
    eliminate -- injury from freezing.

    The above does not even begin to address other on-going work such as 
installation of a new patient cryogenic care monitoring system, development 
of the patient pods, transport, and operating room training sessions and so 
on.

    It also doesn't address a MAJOR reason for our shortfall:  the 
tremendous burden of fighting to keep cryonics legal.  Recently the CEO of 
a for-profit cryonics company remarked that he couldn't understand why 
anyone would contribute money to a can-rattling organization like Alcor 
when they could invest it in a for-profit cryonics company and earn 
interest on their money and still get the same benefits.  Don't we wish!!  
The fact of the matter is that if it weren't for Alcor, for people like you 
and me, that company would be out of business and cryonics would be history 
in the State of California.  We have had to address the tremendous costs of 
this defense effort almost single-handedly so far.  Thankfully, the 
American Cryonics Society has recently contributed $1,880 towards this 
effort.  We're hoping this represents a growing recognition of the 
tremendous financial and administrative burden this fight represents.

    If this kind of work is to continue, if we are to maintain not 
adequacy, but rather excellence, in every area of our operations, indeed to 
even keep cryonics available and legal, we need your help.

    You can provide that help by making a contribution to the Operating 
Fund Endowment or contributing volunteer services to Alcor.  We especially 
need accounting support and other administrative labor.  But most of all we 
need money.  We know the economy is tight right now.  Nevertheless, for 
those of you able to do so, we urge you consider making significant 
contributions to the Endowment.  Please help us solve this problem once and 
for all.

    Earlier I mentioned that we have set a goal of $300,000 over the next 
five years.  I believe that goal is achievable.  In particular I know it is 
achievable if we can get the kind of support from our newer members that 
the "Old Timers" have shown in the past.  Particularly helpful would be a 
few major contributions from those with the financial wherewithal to do so.

    So that's it.  We have some decisions to make and you have some 
decisions to make.  We can only support you if you support us.


Cold War:
The Conflict Between Cryonicists and 
Cryobiologists
Part III:  Conclusion

by Mike Darwin

Summing Up The Situation

    Cryobiologists are opposed to cryonics for a host of complex reasons.  
First and foremost, they, like many others in society, do not see cryonics 
as a potentially workable enterprise for several technical, social, and 
moral reasons.  However, in and of itself, this is not sufficient to have 
caused the enmity that exists between the two groups.  Other factors, such 
as the need to differentiate themselves from cryonicists due to confusion 
in the public eye, envy of the attention given to cryonicists, 
misinformation about how cryonics actually works, and ignorance about both 
the magnitude of cryoinjury and the possibilities of repair, all combine to 
create a very adverse situation suffused with intense hostility.

    But beyond these fairly "objective" reasons there is another, which is 
perhaps the most powerful reason of all:  most cryobiologists don't want 
cryonics to work.

    I have talked with many cryobiologists about cryonics over the years.  
Whether young or old it has been my experience that almost universally 
cryobiologists consider the goal of human suspended animation and/or vastly 
extended lifespans anathema.  I think the attitude of cryobiologists can 
best be summed up by the following quote from Harold Meryman taken from a 
letter to Charles Tandy dated 4 April, 1978:

        "I am quite unsympathetic with the goal of preserving human 
    beings through freezing.  I find the proposition mischievous in the 
    extreme and fear that, like some other scientific "breakthroughs" one 
    might mention, the end result would be impossible to control and far 
    more damaging than beneficial to society.

        "In short, I think that a national institute of low temperature 
    biology is unjustified and the goal of freezing humans is deeply 
    disturbing."

    The above quote from Meryman was 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                     (6)


in response to a proposal by Mr. Tandy to create a National Institute of 
Low Temperature Biology with the express goal of achieving human suspended 
animation.  The above quote and the previously cited one from Southard 
demonstrate that a major factor in the unwillingness of cryobiologists to 
take cryonics seriously -- or even give it a fair hearing -- is their 
deeply held desire that cryonics and human suspended animation not be 
realized.  Not now, not ever.


Assessing The Damage

    The price of the continuing enmity between cryobiologists and 
cryonicists has been high.  The unremitting pronouncements by many 
cryobiologists for over two decades to the effect that cryonics cannot ever 
work and what's more, should not ever work have no doubt contributed to the 
slow growth of the program and resulted in many lost lives.  Leaving aside 
the direct impact these pronouncements have had on individuals 
contemplating suspension arrangements for themselves and others, there is 
the broader issue of how these remarks have affected support for 
cryobiological research.  It is an irony, no doubt totally unappreciated by 
the cryobiological community, that the highest price for the war between 
cryobiologists and cryonicists may have been paid by the cryobiologists 
themselves.

    Progress in any human undertaking is dependent upon several factors:  
the competence of the individuals involved, their level of motivation, and 
of course, the resources available to them.  Cryobiology -- and in 
particular the discipline of organ cryopreservation -- does not lack 
several high quality talents.  And no doubt if the motivation and resources 
were available it would attract many more.  And therein lies the problem.  
Individuals, investors, venture capitalists, and governments are all 
attracted to big ideas, to powerful ideas.  Major progress within 
disciplines as diverse as cosmology and genetics has been driven by the 
strong personal motivation of the investigators as well as a sense of 
"mission."  A quick once-through of James Watson's The Double Helix will 
clear up any doubts about the importance of personal motivation and, above 
all, a sense of mission.

    To get good results in any undertaking it is necessary that people have 
genuine enthusiasm and excitement about it.  People like Albert Einstein 
and James Watson were motivated by big ideas and extraordinary goals:  to 
understand the universe and to understand the fundamental biological basis 
of life.  Their undertakings had "sizzle" and offered excitement and a 
sense of power.  In short, they had glamour, and glamour counts for a lot.

    These elements are sorely lacking in all organ cryopreservationists 
today.  I believe it is also fair to say that the movers and shakers of the 
Society for Cryobiology even question the desirability of pursuing solid 
state organ cryopreservation.  In fact, one of the first sessions on the 
first day of the upcoming annual Society meeting in Brussels will be an 
"assault" on the utility of the work of the last remaining serious organ 
cryopreservationist, Dr. Greg Fahy.

    England's David Pegg, the other leading organ cryopreservationist, 
closed up shop earlier this year when the British Medical Research Council 
(MRC) declined to continue financial support for the MRC cryobiology unit.  
The reason this happened is simple: in nearly 15 years Pegg had failed to 
show any significant progress toward organ cryopreservation.  He didn't 
seem motivated to accomplish the job he was being paid for, and, just as 
importantly, he was no longer motivating others to continue his support.

    The Society for Cryobiology has long lamented the lack of "new blood" 
and "first class talent" in its ranks.  They have never paused to ask the 
all important question "Why is this the case?"  The answer is simple:  
cryobiology, as it is currently practiced, is a drab, overspecialized 
discipline which offers little prospect for changing peoples' lives or 
changing the world in a dramatic way;  it doesn't affect the big picture.  
Organ preservation was the last hope to turn this around.  However, within 
the Society there has been considerable hostility and skepticism about the 
prospects for achieving near-term organ cryopreservation and there has been 
no effort on the part of the Society to promote organ cryopreservation, 
lobby for its funding, or even educate the public about its short-term 
benefits for transplant patients.  In the absence of an organized and 
motivated approach, nothing gets done.  (Indeed, the first organ 
cryopreservationists were transplant surgeons;  people whose motivation 
often exceeded their competence -- but at least they DID something and 
what's more, believed passionately in the importance of what they were 
doing.)

    Had cryobiologists and cryonicists achieved a rapport early on, even a 
modest rapport, things might have been very different.  Funding for 
cryobiological research would likely have been broader and the labor pool 
of people available for lobbying and support of organ preservation would 
have been many times what it is now.  A number of very bright young people 
deeply interested in cryonics and desirous of a career in cryobiology would 
have chosen that career path, instead of the ones they chose (rather than 
face the hurdles they knew would stand in their way).  What's more, these 
people would have been highly motivated.

    It is interesting to note that the vast majority of the practical 
progress made in organ cryopreservation has been made by cryonicist 
cryobiologists "in the closet."  This is no accident.  There can also be no 
doubt that many, many times more research dollars would have been pumped 
into cryobiology had competent credentialed investigators been willing to 
undertake brain cryopreservation research; this is particularly true of 
recent years with the attraction of individuals of major wealth (Forbes 400 
caliber) to the cryonics community.

    The price has been very high.  For cryonicists it has meant greatly 
increased resistance/hostility from the media and reduced/delayed public 
acceptance of the program.  For cryobiologists it has meant atrophy of the 
entire discipline, due to their having robbed themselves of cryobiology's 
most dramatic and proper central goal:  human suspended animation.

The Future

    What of the future?  What does the 
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                                     (7)


coming decade or two hold for the relationship between cryobiologists and 
cryonicists?  This is, of course, an impossible question to answer.  Much 
depends upon whether you are a pessimist or an optimist.  Since I am a 
short-term pessimist and a long-term optimist, I shall cover the 
pessimistic scenario first since I think it the most likely -- at least for 
the near and intermediate future.

    Cryobiologists are unlikely to be persuaded of the "rationality" or 
"reasonableness" of cryonics any time soon.  Indeed, many of the most 
polarized and vituperative opponents of cryonics are the younger members of 
the Society.  While there has been some diminution of the criticism leveled 
against cryonics by cryobiologists in recent months, I believe that this 
has been largely as a result of the aggressive stance cryonicists have 
taken regarding prior comments.  It's been shown we can "win" and that we 
can embarrass them publicly by challenging their unsupported, dogmatic, and 
often scientifically ridiculous statements.  This aggressive response has 
tempered their commentary and made them a little more thoughtful and much 
less confrontational.

    I believe, though, that they will re-group.  It is certainly clear that 
they remain full of hate and unconvinced of any possible good to our 
undertaking.  In my opinion no technical advances in the field of organ 
cryopreservation -- or even successful cryopreservation of the kidney, 
liver, or heart -- will change their position.  In fact, I believe it will 
make them even more aggressive in trying to destroy cryonics.

    I predict that if a workable method of cryopreserving organs is 
developed, there will be efforts to prevent its application to suspension 
patients.  I also predict that this effort on the part of cryobiologists 
will have broad government support.  Under new FDA guidelines an organ 
cryopreservation method and the equipment used to apply it would be 
classified as a medical procedure and a medical device, respectively.  It 
is now very clear that the FDA intends to expand the scope of its power to 
controlling the application of medical devices and procedures as well as 
their unapproved use.  I believe the evidence is clear that the Society for 
Cryobiology will both demand and support a ban on the use of organ 
cryopreservation techniques for any unapproved use.

    I realize that this is quite a startling and radical position.  I base 
it not on personal enmity or "gut feel" but rather on the remarks made by 
cryobiologists, both public and private, to the effect that they consider 
cryonics immoral and that people have, in effect, a duty to die.

    It is unlikely that any successful organ cryopreservation technique 
developed in the foreseeable future will be applicable to the whole 
organism.  It is much more likely that such technology will only be 
reliably applicable to a single organ such as the kidney, heart, liver, or 
brain.  Viable cryopreservation of the brain with or without an 
accompanying less successfully cryopreserved body will greatly increase the 
credibility of cryonics without proving its workability, and as a 
consequence greatly polarize and motivate our opponents.  It may be small 
consolation that -- at that time -- the least of our worries may be the 
opposition of the Society for Cryobiology.  It might be argued that this is 
already the case;  the California Department of Health Services, the 
California Medical Board, and their Counsel, the California Attorney 
General, are formidable opponents enough.

    The lesson here is a harsh and sobering one:  things are likely to get 
much worse before they get better and we would do well not to count on a 
thaw in relations between cryobiologists and cryonicists any time soon.

    Of course, a variety of more optimistic scenarios can also be offered 
for consideration.  It is possible that successful cryopreservation of a 
solid organ such as a kidney or liver would soften cryobiological 
hostility.  Certainly it can be argued that successful cryopreservation of 
the mammalian brain would go a long way towards achieving this end and some 
both inside and outside the cryobiological community have argued that it 
will.

    My problem with this scenario is that a successfully cryopreserved 
brain isn't the same as a successfully cryopreserved person in the eyes of 
many (including some cryonicists).  There will no doubt be many who would 
argue against cryonics even MORE strenuously if they actually thought 
cryonicists capable of rendering patients' brains into a state of suspended 
animation while still damaging their bodies in ways medicine cannot at that 
time repair.  Certainly the ability to suspend the brain in a nondamaged 
state would elevate consideration of cryonics to a par with medicine, and 
perhaps cause it to be reclassified as such.

    In the long run there can be little doubt that cryobiologists and 
cryonicists will have a meeting of the minds, if cryonics persists and if 
suspended animation is developed.  However, the utility of any such union 
will be be greatly attenuated by the time it occurs.  The intervening years 
to decades will probably be played out on the field of battle, much as the 
past two decades have.

    It took the efforts of one General Walter Dornberger to convince Nazi 
establishment scientists of the utility of Robert Goddard's dream and 
silence the laughter of so-called serious planetary astronomers at his 
"childish" notions of doing astronomy from space.  When Dornberger's bombs 
began dropping on their heads near the end of World War II, they finally 
had no choice but to take notice.

    It is my confident and unhappy prediction that equally dramatic events 
will have to occur before cryobiologists and cryonicists find peaceful co-
existence and even cooperation a possibility.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                     (8)


For the Record

The Decline and Fall of LES

by Mike Perry

Part 1 of 2

    Late in December 1963, the Life Extension Society (LES) was formed in 
Washington, D.C.  It was the first organization promoting the idea of 
freezing the newly deceased for eventual reanimation, what would later 
become known as cryonics.  The principal architect was Evan Cooper, an 
enigmatic figure who disliked being photographed and was otherwise 
intensely private.  LES would flourish for a few years, buoyed by its 
newsletter, "Freeze-Wait-Reanimate" (FWR), by which a small but widely 
scattered group of enthusiasts were kept informed of developments and in 
contact with each other.  But by 1970, LES had effectively ceased to 
exist.  Cooper, a sailing enthusiast with apparently modest but independent 
means, would then spend much of his time plying the Atlantic in carefree 
fashion, stopping, as fancy suited, at one port or another along the 
Eastern seaboard -- until he was finally lost at sea.

    What happened?  Why did LES collapse?  A book should be written on the 
subject;  here I can only recount some highlights.

    At the founding meeting in 1963 it was agreed that "we should get down 
to business on a freezing program for those who wish a plan for 
preservation in the event of any immediate deaths." (1)  Starting the 
actual program, however, would prove difficult.  After a few months LES was 
putting out a regular newsletter, but the freezing effort was stalled.  One 
irate reader responded, ". . . stop moaning about resistance to new ideas 
and act. . . . you are, to be very blunt, doing more waiting than 
freezing." (2)  Efforts were made to rectify this:  LES announced a 
standing offer "to freeze the first person free" in June, 19653 and by 
January 1966 it had frozen a dog. (4)  However, the freezing of humans was 
another matter, and Cooper was cautious.

    This was not through lack of interest or effort.  Cooper was engaged in 
a heroic but ultimately doomed struggle to obtain land and build a 
facility, where both laboratory work and human cryogenic storage were to 
occur.  As early as February, 1966 there had been an appeal for funds for 
lands, the first such request for funds in the history of LES. (5)  Efforts 
were temporarily set back when, around July, 1967, a use permit request in 
Fauquier County, northern Virginia, was turned down:

        "The objection seems to be that LES is a small, slightly 
    suspicious, furtive society, run by questionable people, hiding 
    doctors, and scientists who are themselves suspicious because they 
    are reluctant to expose themselves, and, lastly, the society is 
    financially questionable.  That LES was to pay cash for land and 
    building (probably a rare occurrence in that county), made no 
    dent." (6)

    Several more months went by.  Finally an old farm site with a 
farmhouse, barn and other buildings was purchased near Hagerstown, in 
Maryland, as Cooper reported in November:

       "Land is now signed, sealed & delivered . . . Cost . . . was high
    . . . [a] total of  $10,000, but low per acre as we got almost 20 acres
    & the one other person . . . I've taken up to see it . . . was 
    overwhelmed by its beauty and possibilities . . ." (7)

    Meanwhile another issue had surfaced, one that would have significant 
repercussions.  Cooper had been hosting annual conferences, the first being 
late in 1963 when LES was formed.  The 1967 conference was scheduled for 
October, but Cooper suddenly canceled it on short notice.  One of the 
reasons was a letter from Robert Ettinger, written with constructive 
intent, but sharply criticizing some of Cooper's attitudes and policies.  
(Ironically, some of the criticism related to Cooper's own misgivings about 
Robert Nelson, who had begun freezing people though he had little in the 
way of provisions for storage, while Cooper was still struggling to 
construct a facility.)  Other reasons cited for the cancellation included a 
backlog of correspondence and office work, the resignation of the LES 
treasurer, and the preoccupation with obtaining land.  The conference was 
rescheduled and finally held in June 1968.  Though the discus-
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                     (9)


sion was lively, the attendance was small, and it would prove to be the 
last LES conference.

    Nevertheless, 1968 was a busy year for Cooper, though by this time he 
was increasingly becoming isolated from the cryonics movement he had helped 
to start.  With great effort a building was erected on the 19-acre site, 
though the interior would remain unfinished.  Newsletter production 
continued at a steady grind, and there was the usual flood of mail to be 
answered.  There were pleas for help, for example this one from March 1968:

        "LES NEEDS A VOLUNTEER EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR.  In the distant 
    future LES might be able to hire an executive director.  But for the 
    present all we have is lots of office work piled sky high.  A retired 
    or independent person suitable to LES needs is needed in the 
    Washington area.  If you have time and the ability to be of service 
    to others don't hesitate to write us." (8)

    The pleas would become increasingly desperate and lengthy.  There was 
plenty to do, as this "incomplete list" from the following August shows:

        "Answer mail, advertise the LES program, speak on radio, 
    perform on TV, talk to groups, contribute articles to the newsletter, 
    help put out the newsletter, interview experts in cryobiology, write 
    articles for magazines and journals, perhaps write a book or two on 
    the subject, locate research funds, apply for grants from 
    foundations, help complete the research building, install laboratory 
    equipment, help with the experiments, locate competent scientists, 
    locate new members for the advisory council, help arrange the next 
    elections, purchase a tractor and cutter to keep the jungle under 
    control, see that the dam is made tight (same with the basement), 
    remove snow from the roofs and roads in winter, keep the various 
    buildings in repair, help with an occasional freezing if needed, kill 
    the poisonous snakes and protect the beneficial ones, protect the 
    wildlife on the property, get tissue specimens of all the endangered 
    species and help preserve them in cryogenic storage, begin aging 
    control research to achieve man's relative immortality (or a greatly 
    extended lifespan) if possible, entertain visitors, give interviews, 
    arrange conferences, keep abreast of the latest research, help with 
    the bookkeeping and other office work, give guidance to coordinators, 
    and attend monthly meetings as well as help arrange them."9 

    It is not surprising that, with no money available for salaries, job 
applicants were in short supply.  Although the focus, initially, was on the 
retired or wealthy, it appears that most of the help that was gotten came 
from young people in the area, many of whom would come up on weekends to 
work at the site.  Some came from abroad, and there were efforts to find 
work nearby as a means of support, mostly to no avail.

To be concluded next month.

References.

F = Freeze-Wait-Reanimate;  C = letter from Cooper to Jerry Cullins 
(postmark date of letter otherwise undated)

1. F JAN 64 1;  2. F OCT 64 5;  3. F JUN 65 1;  4. F JAN 66 2;  5. F FEB 66 
10;  6. F JUL-AUG 67 2;  7. C 12 NOV 67;  8. F MAR 68 7;  9. F AUG 68 2.


Future Tech:

The Rights of Sentient Beings

by H. Keith Henson

    In this article I am acting as an advocate for a class of underdogs 
that doesn't exist yet.  Indeed, this is a class of beings which Eric 
Drexler argues -- rather persuasively -- that we would be better off never 
creating.  On the other hand, Hans Moravec writes, "Why should machines, 
millions of times more intelligent, fecund, and industrious than ourselves 
exist only to support our ponderous, antique bodies and dim-witted minds in 
luxury?  Drexler does not hint at the potential lost by keeping our 
creations so totally enslaved."

    In "Engines of Creation" Eric makes a case for "mechanical" artificial 
intelligences, what he calls "engineering AIs."  These would be AIs without 
human qualities of the "strive for x variety," where x is reproduction, 
power, reputation, control of resources, etc.  His point is that the 
combination of people to provide the drive, and engineering AIs to slog 
through the computations and oversee construction details can accomplish 
anything which an independent self-directed AI could do.  This might or 
might not be true, and it is almost certain to be slower, but a self-
directed AI that seriously outclassed us mentally -- and was bent on 
exterminating humanity -- is not a thought to dwell on before bedtime!

    My approach to the subject of "social artificial intelligence," AIs 
with personalities and human-like drives, is that in the long run they are 
virtually unavoidable.  Either we get such AIs as an outgrowth of research 
into how to make minds, or we get them from people who keep their human 
drives while upgrading their hardware.  Research on human minds would be 
greatly retarded if it were not permitted to simulate (i.e., build) minds 
in 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (10)


computers. I think there is little disagreement that we need to understand 
ourselves better.  And once we have the ability to make improvements in our 
minds, it would be a bad mistake not to do so in a world where we cannot 
control what others are doing to improve themselves.

    Although I believe social AIs to be inevitable, caution in developing 
them certainly is in order.  Note, however, that because of competition, 
caution may require making progress as rapidly as we can.  In any case, 
staying on good terms with our creations, offspring, or augmented versions 
seems like a very good idea.  The future is quite scary enough without 
creating conditions for a war of liberation by oppressed AIs.

    A firm foundation for the ethical treatment of sentient beings, 
regardless of origin, would seem to be in order.  This is not an entirely 
new enterprise.  Human-to-human relations lie at the root of law, morals, 
and ethics.  Workable empirical methods such as the Golden Rule have 
emerged, as well as memes of racial tolerance and the metameme of 
tolerance.  In addition, we have landmark studies of which "The Evolution 
of Cooperation," Axelrod's study of the Tit for Tat strategy in the 
Prisoners' Dilemma game, is perhaps the most important to date.

    Thankfully, we have some time to work on these ethical problems before 
they become acute.  We don't have sentient machines yet, but as sure as 
memory gets cheaper we will.  To the extent that sentient machines depend 
on hardware with a human-brain level of processing power, we can make a 
good guess at when this will happen.  Hans Moravec in "Mind Children" 
predicts it will happen in the "early part" of the next century.  By that 
timetable, it will be of concern to many people alive today.  (And 
successful cryonicists.)

    Current processing capacity of even the most powerful computers is in 
the milli-brain area.  Moravec roughly equates our best efforts to date 
between a cockroach and a mouse in raw processing power.  Eventually a "one 
human brain" power computer will come within the purchasing power of a 
national government.  If the current trends hold, 15-20 years later the 
same capacity machine will be your personal computer.  It might sit on your 
desk, though it is just about as likely to be worn like a suit of clothes 
or to be built into your dwelling.  It could be grown into your body, or 
follow you around like a pet.  A "one human brainpower" computer can by 
definition contain a human mind (when we figure out how to do a readout on 
one).

    Full blown nanotechnology makes even more complex ethical issues 
certain to emerge.  Besides downloaded minds, we could have duplicate 
copies of people, artificial personalities (APs), if different from 
intelligences, special-purpose computer personalities created for some 
project, partly or completely independent fragments of minds, and computers 
which identify themselves with buildings or machines.  This is only a small 
part of the list of entities we could be interacting with in the future.  
Some cases are small increments compared to the situation under discussion 
here, and the ethical considerations are relatively obvious;  but others 
require bigger jumps to analyze.

    In the case of duplicate copies of people, there would be little 
argument as to the "humanity" of a copy.  (There might be stringent 
penalties against making duplicates, but it seems it would be very hard for 
law or custom to deny human rights to a human just because there were 
another copy of that human in existence.)

    A case almost as clear would be that of a human who uploaded into more 
powerful hardware.  If s/he uploaded into implanted computers (lots of 
empty space in a human skull) it would be hard to tell an augmented person 
from someone not modified, at least physically.  If this step were 
accepted, it is not likely uploading into mobile robots would be seen as 
different enough to justify loss of human rights to someone who did it.  
Uploading into non-mobile hardware would not seem to be a sufficient reason 
to deny human rights either;  quadriplegics in that unfortunate state are 
no less human.  Besides, a person who could afford really spiffy hardware 
would likely have lawyers (or lawyer subroutines).  In either case, you 
would want to take care of the meat body, lest you get charged with 
littering.

    De novo artificial personalities may be constructed as research 
projects or as outgrowths of commercial projects, or as I mentioned last 
column, as "offspring" combining the "best" personality traits of other 
people.  By analogy (which is the best we have to go on), human rights come 
into existence over time -- with binary jumps at birth and an age where the 
individual is assumed to be "independently responsible."  The time it might 
take for a collection of hardware and software to become independent is not 
related to the normal maturation of humans -- it could be either shorter or 
longer -- so other criteria (a test? posting a bond?) might be more 
appropriate.  Until that time the sponsoring organization or person would 
be responsible. (Its 11 o'clock in the morning -- do you know what your 
mental offspring is doing?)

    Extension of "parental" responsibility concepts, perhaps combined with 
warrantee concepts, could provide a legal matrix for new computer-based 
personalities and intelligences.  There has already been talk in the Usenet 
group "comp.risks" of making the computers themselves legally liable in 
some instances.  Robots, computers, and AI/APs, have long been topics of 
science fiction novels, dating back to Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics 
(clearly designed to keep robots slaves forever).  One seemingly workable 
way to extend legal rights and responsibilities to AI/APs which first 
showed up in science fiction is to make corporations out of them.  The 
concept of an "artificial person" is already well rooted in corporation and 
business law.

    Extending rights to AIs will take either legislation or a lot of test 
cases.  Will it be considered murder to pull the plug on an AI?  Or would 
it be considered assault?  (I would consider it assault if there were no 
damage done and the AI could be restarted.)  How about erasing a backup 
copy of an AI's memory and personality?  Would this differ from erasing the 
only copy in existence?  How about a copy of the information needed to make 
a copy of a person?  What should be the policy in making changes to the 
personality of an AI?  Would the same policy apply to making changes in a 
human in the course of making a copy?  As you can see, these concerns 
rapidly approach the concerns of cryonicists.

    I am not among those who think that somehow nanotechnology will solve 
all our problems.  I expect very advanced technology to solve most of our 
current problems, while introducing new ones of amazing variety and 
seriousness.  This is not a new situation.  Consider the problems facing us 
today, and those which average people faced a thousand years ago.  Can you 
imagine trying to explain the S&L crisis to someone of that time?  How 
about the ozone hole?  A computer virus?  These are real problems for 
today, just as civil rights for sentient machines will be on the list of 
tomorrow's concerns.

    Next time I might consider the dangers of getting lost in Middle Earth. 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (11)


Leaf's Paradox

by Jerry Leaf

    This piece by Jerry Leaf and the previous piece by Keith Henson were 
    written independent of each other, but are being published 
    simultaneously since they represent interesting perspectives on 
    similar topics.

    This short piece is written in order to avoid a specific catastrophic 
disaster lurking out there in the possible future when technologists may be 
able to produce exact copies of an individual human being.  I was prompted 
to have it published in tandem with Keith Henson's column of this month.

    Most of you have probably read some article or had discussions 
concerning the usefulness of producing copies of yourself.  All such 
scenarios have espoused some benefit to the perpetrator.  Contrary to this 
view, I shall endeavor to show that such schemes are self-destructive.  
Recent discussions with Horatio Hornblower (I've changed the name to 
protect the ignorant), an ex-Air Force officer and computer jock, who has a 
copy-himself scheme, afforded me the opportunity to apply philosophical 
analysis and reveal the following fundamental flaw.

    There exists a paradox in all "copy yourself" schemes.  The person 
copying himself, (the "perpetrator") is trying to achieve some value for 
himself, such as sending his copies out to do the dirty, dangerous tasks, 
in order to avoid risks to himself.  However, any exact "copy" will have 
the same knowledge and strive to gain the same value for the same reason as 
the perpetrator.  Therefore, all copies will become perpetrators of copies 
in an infinite regress.  As a consequence, not one erg of energy will be 
expended to achieve the original sought after value that was to be a 
benefit to the perpetrator.  Further, the exponential propagation of copies 
would consume so much material and energy that the loss of natural 
resources will surely cause other humans to unite in an all-out effort to 
extinguish this ecological disaster.  The perpetrator of such a threat will 
force others to destroy him in self-defense, along with all the copies.  
Even if the perpetrator and his copies could organize a successful defense, 
eventually all would be lost when the last bit of star stuff was expended 
to produce more copies ad infinitum.  Contrary to the intent of the 
perpetrator -- the gain of a value -- all value will be lost.

    Horatio Hornblower proposed sending copies of himself out into the 
universe to take actions that might endanger Horatio (perpetrator).  To 
avoid any confrontation with Horatio (copy), who will also see no 
compelling reason to go "out there" any more than Horatio (perpetrator), 
Horatio has proposed an alteration of Horatio (copy) such that Horatio 
(copy) does not know he is a copy.  However, it is obvious that further 
alterations are necessary.  Horatio (copy) must not know it is possible to 
make copies, otherwise Horatio (copy) will become Horatio (copy) 
(perpetrator), etc., etc., resulting in the infinite regress.  In order to 
be safe, Horatio (perpetrator) must also alter Horatio (copy) such that 
even the capacity to discover that copies are possible is eliminated.  It 
should be evident that reasonably drastic alterations in terms of 
eliminating knowledge and learning capacity are required.  As a matter of 
fact, an altered Horatio (copy) is not a copy of Horatio (perpetrator) at 
all, but rather some superficial resemblance, as close to an actual Horatio 
(copy) as the information Horatio enters into his IBM computer for some 
specific limited purpose.  The real difference between the IBM and the 
altered Horatio (copy) is that the altered Horatio (copy) won't be a desk-
top model and it will wear Air Force boots and khaki clothes.

    Sorry, Horatio, but sometimes the only way to acquire the values you 
desire is by doing it the old-fashioned way:  humping through the jungle 
and putting your life on the line.  If you step beyond the edge of the 
envelope, Alcor will try to be there so you don't get sent home in a body 
ga.

    P.S. -- Horatio and others will probably go to a fallback possession 
pursued through an investment in the Tyrel Corporation.  Rumor has it that 
Tyrel intends to produce Nexus 6 replicants for dangerous off-world 
missions.  Actually, this article has been written to insure my future job 
as a Blade Runner.  I like long-term planning.


Replies About Metamorphosis

by Thomas Donaldson

    A few issues ago I discussed the notion of Uploading and its flaws.  
The flaws I described all stemmed from fundamental issues in computing and 
neurology.  The major computing flaw comes directly from a need to port 
your brain (program):  you could not be simply uploaded and run, any more 
than a 6502 game program uploaded onto a Cray would run.  Porting requires 
rewriting the program in question;  that rewriting raises many problems of 
identity.  The major flaw in neurology stems from a 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (12)


serious prospect that (as a program) you could not be run on ANY general-
purpose computer.  The circuits involved would differ too much.  Of course, 
we might write a simulation.  That would not be You but a simulated version 
of You.

    I had other objections to Uploading, too, but their discussion comes 
later.  But I also presented a different scenario,  Metamorphosis, which I 
believed would attain the same ends.

    It is not obvious to me why Ralph Merkle took objection to my 
arguments.  In the latest installment (Cryonics, May 1991) Ralph continues 
his arguments.  They take an odd line indeed, given that the central issue 
(I thought) was my arguments about flaws in Uploading.  Instead, he 
proposes to instruct us in computer architecture and the definition of 
computers.  Even supposing I were wrong on both counts, he still ignores 
the main points I raised about Uploading itself.

    I will discuss his computer points first;  a few words on even more 
fundamental objections to Uploading will follow.


Computer Architecture

    First, Ralph brings out a number of computers he claims have modifiable 
interconnections.  His claim is simply false in most cases:  the Intel 
Hypercube (and every other machine built on that architecture), the Ncube, 
and the TF-1 all have fixed interconnections.  They do not switch, however 
much that switching is emulated in software, which it is.  Others, such as 
the BBN Butterfly, do have modifiable connections.  He mentioned that 
machines of this modifiable type have message passing times scaling as the 
order of N [O(N)] or O(log N) at best.  This means of course that a direct 
message on a direct connection would pass N times faster (or perhaps log N 
times).  The program running in you, however, is designed for a "computer" 
in which the message passing time is O(1), i.e. direct connection.  This 
simple fact will force considerable rewriting of you.

    Furthermore, if we examine these bounds applied to synapses, just as 
Ralph says, we find some disagreeable results.  If message passing scales 
                            9
as O(N), then it may take 10 longer for some messages to pass on this 
computer than on our directly connected brain. If O(log N) it only takes 
maybe 9 times longer.  So we see just what kinds of rewriting might be 
needed.

    I have been actually programming these beasts for five years, and 
during all of this time I've been reading up on them.  Anyone who wishes to 
borrow any of my books on the subject is welcome, though often I simply use 
university libraries.


Definition of Computers

    Pushing through all the high-sounding smoke (Turing machines and 
Church's Thesis), his discussion boils down to a bare statement that my 
chosen definition of computer is "incorrect" (i.e. nonstandard).  Since I 
was not attempting to use any "standard definition" when I wrote my piece, 
I am surprised that any member of Alcor could be so dogmatic.  Is this a 
religious orthodoxy?

    With his Turing machines Ralph makes much of the notion of 
"computational capability."  Just what are we to take as "computational 
capability" anyway?  The operations of a Turing machine are so simple we 
might train a rat to perform them on a real, physical ribbon.  So this 
means that our "computational capability" equals that of the rat?  Shall we 
enter into competition with IBM by selling office machines containing 
trained rats?  I would want to look much deeper into the matter than 
abstract ideas about Turing machines and their capabilities.

    Of course the notion of Turing machines provides a useful abstract way 
to look at many issues in computing.  But they do so by abstracting away 
very many traits of real computers which matter intensely to us:  like 
speed, cost, physical size, and programming difficulty, among others.

    My points in this discussion depend essentially on this issue of just 
what "computational capability" is to mean.  Since Dr. Merkle has yet to 
address this issue except by Turing machines, I shall make it real and 
material.  I hereby offer to exchange, for every computer Dr. Merkle 
himself personally owns, either a used Apple II+ or a used Commodore 64 (my 
choice).  Since Dr. Merkle assures us they are of "equivalent computational 
power" to a Cray I am sure that he will accept.

    Now of course we could simulate a human brain at some speed on almost 
any "computer," whatever that word means.  (And note that an ability to be 
simulated on a computer does not make something a computer!)  On computers 
which are large enough and fast enough, we can even do so down to timing, 
which I think is neglected in its importance:  We are designed to deal with 
a real worlds, not a simulated universe, and our speeds match that real 
world.  That's fine.  But my original article was not about any ability to 
do that at all, but about what on Earth the point of it would be.  So we 
have a poor little 6502 game emulated, right down to timing, on a Cray.  
How is this beneficial?


Cryonics and Religion

    What bothers me most about Uploading is the smell of religion about 
it.  Religious people have their immortality laid out for them.  They need 
only contribute to their Church; their God will then solve all problems.  
And so, similarly, some devotees of Nanotechnology act as if they believe 
all our problems both with immortality and self-improvement will simply 
melt away.  Perhaps my original article offended these devotees?

    To make any real improvements in ourselves we must examine and test 
every aspect, asking each time if the change retains those things about us 
that we want to keep.  That is what I mean by Metamorphosis.  "Uploading" 
is no more than an easy out, like translation to Heaven among deathists. 
Changing ourselves takes work, just like changing the outside world.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (13)


Funding Cryonic Suspension -- A Critique

by Howard S. Katz

    This article is the first of several dealing with the problem of 
    providing inflation-resistant funding for cryonic suspension.  
    Subsequent articles, by different authors, will explore possible 
    solutions and obstacles in solving this difficult problem.

The Threat to Cryonics Funding

    Cryonicists, by their nature, are continually fighting the battle of 
rational man in an irrational society.  One respect in which our irrational 
society threatens cryonicists pertains to their funding arrangements, as 
follows.

    In the decade of the '70's, the amount of money in the United States 
doubled, causing the value of the currency to fall by half, which means 
that prices doubled.  In the '80's, the amount of money doubled again;  
prices have not quite kept pace -- principally because we borrowed enormous 
amounts from the Germans and Japanese to maintain our lifestyles;  however, 
I expect that the completion of this second doubling is just a few years 
away.

    Consider a person who has funded his cryonic suspension with a $120,000 
whole-life insurance policy and who is currently in his mid-30's.  He 
anticipates medical death in about four decades.  The problem is that, 
during those four decades the currency will fall by half four times.  That 
is to say, average prices will rise by 24 or 16 times, and the cost of 
cryonic suspension will be in the neighborhood of $2,000,000.  (When I say 
that I expect the currency to fall by half for four successive decades, I 
am making a conservative assumption.  The actual figure will depend on the 
integrity of the monetary authorities;  however, as I will demonstrate 
below, the pressures to depreciate will increase with time so that the 
actual depreciation will probably be greater.)

    This rise in the cost of suspension would not in any way be the fault 
of the cryonics organizations.  Indeed, I am assuming that, in real terms, 
their prices would remain the same.  It would be a general social 
phenomenon, the decline in value of our money, affecting all economic 
goods.  (It is for this reason that I prefer the term "currency 
depreciation" to describe the phenomena rather than "inflation."  This 
emphasizes that something is wrong with the money in our society.  The word 
"inflation" was used (starting about the time of the Civil War) to imply 
that goods were going up and that the blame lay with the goods.)

    The question is, what should a cryonicist who believes that he has 
funded his suspension properly and conservatively do?  If he does nothing, 
then he is all too likely to wind up in the year 2031 at least $1,880,000 
short.

    More likely, he will become aware of his shortfall incrementally.  Each 
time his cryonics organization raises its nominal price (in order to keep 
its real price constant) he will respond with outrage.  In this situation, 
it is all too common for the people in charge of prices to hold back needed 
price increases out of a misguided sense of ethics.  This forces them to 
cut corners, to take risks, and to accept inferior products -- none of 
which you want to see when your life is at stake.


The Cause of the Problem

    There is a solution to this problem.  But before I present it, I want 
to explain the cause of currency depreciation in our society as expounded 
by the great theorists of the Austrian school of economics, in particular 
Ludwig Von Mises and Murray Rothbard.  Once we have understood the cause, 
it will be easy to see our way to the cure.

    When modern banking systems arose out of the statism of the Middle 
Ages, credit was very poorly understood.  Credit was defined as the price 
we pay for money, and to this day money and credit are confused by most 
economists.  Money is a good which is universally exchangeable, meaning 
that anything in that society which is being offered for exchange will be 
exchangeable for the money.

    This brings us to the more difficult question, what is credit?  I 
should first point out that a credit transaction can exist in a society 
which has no money.  If Oog lends Og 10 arrows and receives the arrows back 
after the hunt plus 5% of the game, we have a bona fide credit transaction 
but no money has changed hands.  It was the genius of the Austrian School 
of economics to discover that interest is the price we pay for time.  Human 
beings have a time preference.  They prefer to have their economic goods 
sooner rather than later.  If I lend you the money for a new car, so that 
you get a car one year before I do, then if you repay the loan exactly, 
equity is not preserved.  True, I have gotten my money back.  But my time 
preference has been frustrated, and yours has been indulged.  To compensate 
for this, you should pay me something extra, and this something extra is 
interest.

    Because money and credit were not understood, serious errors were made 
in the creation of the first banks.  At this time the medieval superstition 
against all interest was under criticism but was still accepted by many 
people.  As a compromise, the banks were allowed to charge interest when 
they made loans but were not allowed to pay interest to attract 
depositors.  The way that they obtained deposits was as 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (14)


follows.  They offered to warehouse people's money (gold/silver coins) and 
gave in exchange a bank note, which was a piece of paper promising to pay 
the hard money on demand.  Gradually, bank notes themselves became 
acceptable as money, and most of the hard money remained in the bank.  
Then, when someone came in for a loan, the bank would simply print up 
additional bank notes and lend them out.

    This led to situations wherein banks had far more bank notes promising 
hard money than they had hard money to give -- sometimes three or four 
times as much.  But the bankers discovered that most people did not demand 
their hard money.  Banking, or what we today call commercial banking, thus 
became a juggling act which required keeping three or four dollars in the 
air for every hard dollar in the vault.  Every once in a while people would 
run to the banks and demand their hard money (e.g., 1815, 1861, 1933), and 
the banks would cry to the government to save them by suspending the rules 
of normal commerce (that a business enterprise has to keep its financial 
commitments).

    Thus, because money and credit were not understood, a system was 
created in which money was created out of nothing in the act of creating 
credit.

    This system existed until 1933;  at which time it was made worse.  FDR, 
despite his reputation as an enemy of bankers, gave the bankers what they 
most wanted: the ability to create money and credit without any connection 
at all to gold or silver.  Since 1933, banks create money based on a 
reserve consisting of notes (or credit) of the Federal Reserve System;  the 
Federal Reserve System prints these notes up as it desires, and the Federal 
Reserve is controlled by the very bankers who have a vested interest in 
creating more money.

    This new system thus had a built-in bias.  The Federal Reserve 
continued to create more Federal Reserve notes (what we today think of as 
cash), and the commercial bankers continued to create money with the 
reserves thus acquired.  Prior to 1933 the nation's money supply grew 
slowly and in pace with the population and supply of wealth so that there 
was no depreciation of the currency.  By 1933, total money supply (demand 
deposits plus currency) was $20 billion.  In the 48 years since that date, 
total money supply has grown to $840 billion.  From 1793 to 1933, prices in 
this country remained approximately the same.  From 1933 to the present, 
prices have multiplied by a factor of 10.


A Credit Expansion -- How it Affects You

    Any cryonicist who is trying to plan his financial future four or five 
decades in advance must be aware of two crucial points:  (1) the value of 
the currency is unstable;  it is in the hands of the Federal Reserve, an 
organization which has proved itself extremely biased toward depreciation;  
and (2) the vested interests in favor of creating more money are extremely 
powerful and are at the present time in control of both major political 
parties.

    To understand this latter point, let us take a simple example of what 
happens in the real world when the Federal Reserve and the commercial 
bankers embark on a policy of money and credit expansion.  Assume that the 
going rate of interest in the society is 5%.  The bankers create money and 
offer it for loans.  This additional supply lowers the rate of interest, 
say to 3%.  But the rate of interest is not just a made-up number.  As we 
have seen, it is a price -- the price for time.  And as with any other 
price, a government attempt to manipulate the market results in bad 
consequences.

    Due to the lower rate of interest, there is now a greater demand for 
capital.  Business has some projects which were put on the back burner 
because they only looked to make 4% on capital above the risk premium.  Why 
invest to make 4% when you can make 5%?  But now that rates are down to 3%, 
that 4% project is dusted off and put into practice, and this happens 
repeatedly throughout the economy.  But at the same time that the demand 
for capital has increased, the supply has declined.  Now that interest 
rates are lower the incentive to save is reduced.  To make up the 
difference between the demand for capital and the supply of capital, the 
Federal Reserve and the banks create money (as described above) and funnel 
it into the capital markets (i.e., the banks lend the new money to business 
to finance the new projects).
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (15)


    Thus, in order to fund the new, lower, rate of interest, the Federal 
Reserve must continually print money and thus depreciate the currency.

    In general, a money and credit expansion benefits debtors and injures 
creditors.  Creditors are hurt because the rate of interest is lowered, and 
they are hurt because their loans are repayed in dollars of depreciated 
value.  This is of utmost importance to cryonicists because by funding 
suspension via whole-life insurance, you unwittingly become a creditor.  
That is, your insurance company takes your money and buys bonds.  These 
bonds are fixed income obligations;  they are paid off in a fixed number of 
dollars -- whether these dollars have depreciated or not.

    I once pointed this out to an insurance company executive.  He shrugged 
his shoulders and replied, "It doesn't matter.  Our obligations to our 
customers are fixed income.  Our assets (bonds) match our liabilities 
(policies)."  And indeed they do.  But what that executive was saying to me 
was, if our customers are too stupid to understand that they are being 
cheated, then why should we care?

    It has been argued that, as the currency depreciates, bond yields will 
rise to keep pace with the depreciation.  That is, a bond which normally 
yields 5% will increase its yield to 12% at a time when the currency is 
depreciating by 7%.  Given enough time this would happen if the credit 
market were a free market.  But the essence of the system is that the 
Federal Reserve (a government-empowered agency) interferes with the free 
market and always does so to lower the rate of interest.  A few years ago I 
did a study covering the period 1933 to 1987 which assumed that an investor 
did nothing but buy U.S. Treasury bills, reinvested the interest, and paid 
no taxes.  The currency depreciated so rapidly that at the end of this 
period an initial $1000 had shrunk to $870 in real value.  This investor 
was receiving negative interest.

    The problem is complicated by the fact that the Government's Consumer 
Price Index is no longer a good measure of the rate at which prices are 
rising.  It was clearly rising too fast in 1979-80 and too slowly in mid-
decade.  Also, the vested interests which benefit from currency 
depreciation have on occasion altered the index to make it rise less 
rapidly and thus make "inflation" appear to be less than is.  I find the 
money supply to be a more accurate measure of the rate at which the 
currency is depreciating, and on this basis I estimate that the U.S. dollar 
is losing value at a rate of 7% per year.

    At this writing, U.S. Treasury bills, the only risk-free investment, 
are yielding 6%.  This means that any investor must either assume some risk 
or else see his capital decrease by 1% per year (before taxes).  And this 
means that any promises made to you by an insurance company are an 
illusion.  At the end of 40 or 50 years they [insurance companies] may give 
you back a much larger nominal sum than what you have put in, but in real 
terms it will be the same or smaller.

    What are the chances that the currency depreciation will stop?  
Unfortunately, there are powerful vested interests that want to keep it 
going.  The bankers naturally benefit because it enables them to make more 
loans.  But all debtors benefit, and this primarily includes big business, 
the nation's biggest debtor.  Most important, these businesses got 
overextended during the expansion.  They put themselves in a position where 
the expansion must continue just so that they do not lose ground.  If the 
expansion stops, they will go bankrupt.

    Periodically there are fitful attempts to stop the expansion.  It 
usually results in the bankruptcy of a few major companies.  Then political 
pressure is brought to bear, and the expansion is resumed.  In 1969, an 
attempt was made to stop the expansion.  The budget was balanced, and the 
increase in the money supply was brought down from 7% per year to 2% per 
year.  The Penn-Central Railroad went bankrupt, and Chrysler was only weeks 
away from bankruptcy when the Federal Reserve began to print money at an 
aggressive pace.  In 1973-74, there was another attempt;  this time it was 
New York City which went to the verge of bankruptcy.  (Both Chase-Manhattan 
and Citibank were holding large amounts of NYC bonds.)  In 1981, it was 
Chrysler again.  Each time the Federal Reserve averted a business crisis by 
resuming the money and credit expansion.  I cannot say for sure that some 
future generation of Americans will not stop this process;  but I can say 
that to do so they will have to overcome a large and powerful vested 
interest, an interest which has not been defeated over the past 58 years.

    Furthermore, each time we go through a cycle, these companies become 
more dependent on the expansion.  They need a bigger and bigger expansion 
of money and credit to resume their former profitability.  Thus the rate of 
money growth has continually increased, from 1-2% per year in the '50s to 
4% per year in the '60s to 6% per year in the '70s to over 7% per year in 
the '80s.  At this writing, the monetary base is increasing at a rate of 
18% per year (over the past three months), and it is not hard to predict 
that the money supply itself will follow.


The Solution

    So much for the bad news.  The good news is that proper financial 
management can overcome this problem.  In the 19th century, when the U.S. 
was on a gold standard, the currency did not depreciate, and high grade 
bonds yielded 5% per year.  Money invested at this 5% rate over a 40 year 
period of time multiplied by a factor of 7.  This was a real return, not 
merely a nominal one.

    Assuming that we could earn 5% per year real return, then a cryonicist 
who was 40 years from medical death would have to invest $17,142.86 to earn 
his $120,000.  If he does not have a lump sum, he can contribute monthly 
from his salary.  Assuming that the average monthly contribution comes at 
the 20 year mark, it will multiply by 2.65 in real terms, and to earn 
$120,000 for his suspension, he only has to contribute $45,227.  This works 
out to a monthly payment of $94.22.  (Note that these figures are in 1991 
dollars.  By the 16:1 assumption at the beginning of this article, final 
suspension cost in 40 years would be $1,920,000, and the last monthly 
payment would be $1507.52.  This $1507.52, however, would represent the 
same proportion of his monthly salary as the $94.22 does today -- assuming 
that he kept the same job.)

    But is it possible to earn 5% real rate of return on capital in this 
day and age as it was in the 19th century?  The answer is yes.  The key is 
to realize that the money and credit expansion steals wealth from 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (16)


the creditor but gives it to the debtor.  This means that it takes wealth 
from the bondholders of a corporation and gives it to the stockholders.  
Since 1933, stocks have averaged almost a 12% real rate of return 
(including dividends and discounting for currency depreciation).  By owning 
stocks, you shift yourself from the exploited class to the exploiting class 
in terms of capital, and lay the basis for a realistic savings program.

    Owning stocks as opposed to bonds is part of the strategy of wise 
investing in a paper money era.  It involves taking some additional risk, 
but this risk is absolutely essential.  When Congress passed the first 
paper money legislation in 1933, they made it impossible to make real gains 
in capital by investing in any fixed income stocks.  Those people who buy 
bonds, notes, bills, money market accounts, insurance, or bank savings 
accounts are engaged in self-deception.  They are gaining in nominal 
dollars, but they are losing in real dollars.

    The second part of the strategy takes advantage of a fairly regular 
cycle in the creation of money and credit.  The good effects of an 
expansion, the benefits flowing to business and the banks, are apparent 
almost immediately after the expansion starts.  It is normal that 2-6 
months after interest rates start falling, the stock market bottoms and 
starts to move up.  Whereas, the bad effects of an expansion, the emotional 
bubbles which outrage the community and the general rise in prices, are 
only apparent after a time lag, a lag which is sometimes several years.  
For example, the Reagan years were years of massive money creation.  The 
money supply grew by 9% in 1983, by 12% in 1985, and by 18% in 1986.  All 
three of these years topped the worst Carter year (8+ in 1978).  Yet we 
have not had to date a corresponding increase in prices because the Germans 
and Japanese, via the trade gap, have been lending us a large quantity of 
goods.  Now that the trade gap is being reduced, prices are picking up, and 
when it is completely eliminated, we will see outrageous price increases.

    In the early years, when the authorities see only the good effects, 
they encourage the credit expansion.  When they see the bad effects, they 
make belated efforts to stop or slow the expansion.  In the first phase, of 
which 1975-77 and 1981-86 are examples, interest rates go down and stocks 
(and other capital goods) go up.  In the second phase, e.g., 1972-74 and 
1979-81, interest rates go up and stocks tend to go down.

    This suggests an obvious strategy.  Invest in conservative stocks or 
other capital goods during the expansionary phase.  Then when the 
authorities try to slow the expansion, invest in Treasury bills (or similar 
instruments) to get the high interest rates which result.  It is such 
periods (e.g., 1979-81) which are an exception to the rule that fixed 
income obligations are a losing game.  Then when the authorities are 
changing back to an expansionary policy (e.g., 1981), switch from Treasury 
bills into Treasury bonds to lock in the high interest rates and also to 
benefit from the price gains in the bonds.  The final phase of the strategy 
is to switch into stocks or other capital goods to capture the gains from 
that part of the cycle.

    Fortunately, with some experience it is not too difficult to catch 
these turning points and determine where the Federal Reserve authorities 
are at each point.  Often whey will openly declare their policy.  When Alan 
Greenspan announced on the evening of Black Monday that he would provide 
"liquidity" to the system;  this was economicese for printing money.  It 
was a dead giveaway that the larger collapse and economic catastrophe which 
was widely forecast at the time would not come and that the stock market 
would rally.  I went in and bought stocks aggressively on the following day 
and was rewarded with profits over the next two years.  Even when the 
authorities do not announce their policy, one can see it by watching their 
actions.  And easing is indicated when the Federal Reserve buys Government 
bonds (more aggressively than normal), interest rates move down, short-term 
rates move down more rapidly than long and reserves pile up in the banking 
system.  A tightening is indicated when the Fed sells Government bonds (or 
buys them less aggressively than normal), interest rates move up, short-
term rates move up more rapidly than long, and the bankers are tight for 
reserves.

    So the second part of the strategy involves watching the Federal 
Reserve and the economy and trying to be in the right investment at the 
right time.  In the period of tight credit, as in 1979-81, you want to be 
in Treasury bills.  When credit starts to ease, as in 1982, you want to 
shift into Treasury bonds.  As the easing picks up speed, you would 
naturally shift into conservative stocks or other capital goods.  
(Determining which capital good is most likely to benefit is another 
question which is beyond the scope of this article.)

    I describe this policy by saying that we are in a system which produces 
continual financial earthquakes.  The financial ground shifts under our 
feet continually, pushing one investment up and another down.  This is 
because money, which is half of every economic transaction, is not stable.  
By Austrian theory, one can predict how the ground will shift, which 
sectors will go up and which will go down.  It is then simply a matter of 
shifting one's assets in a conservative manner so that one is in the sector 
which is going up.  Such a program is more "risky" in the conventional 
sense, but in a paper money society the "safe" investments are investments 
which suffer a continual loss in real terms.  Those who wish a perfectly 
safe investment which yields a fair rate of return should work toward the 
re-establishment of a gold standard.

    Using these principles of money management, a conservative fund could 
be set up to manage money for cryonicists for their suspension.  This would 
ensure that your hard-earned money was not dissipated by the depreciation 
of the currency and that upon medical death you would be able to afford 
suspension.  The same principles could also be used to manage a more 
conventional fund for those who wanted to save money for more conventional 
purposes (such as retirement).  In this way you would no longer be the 
victim of our corrupt money system.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (17)


Dr. Bedford Gets a New Suit

by Ralph Whelan

** PHOTO SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"The morning briefing.  Hugh Hixon describes the various steps and a rough 
timeline.  L to R:  Tanya Jones, Russell Whitaker (sitting), Carlos 
Mondragon, Hugh Hixon, Ralph Whelan, Jerry Leaf, Allen Lopp, Michael perry 
(mostly obscured by Al Lopp), Max More, Bill Seidel."

**

    James Bedford was the first man to be frozen.  A dubious honor at best 
in 1967, when the word "cryonics" was only two years old, and Eric Drexler 
had notions other than molecular assemblers on his teen-age mind.  Now, 
though, nearly twenty-five years cold, Dr. Bedford and his motivations are 
a bit better understood, at least by those who care to understand such 
dramatic undertakings.  Cryonicists now have a wing and a prayer and some 
promising research data to go on, speculations on reanimation techniques 
are sprouting mathematical symbols, and the world in general is somewhat of 
a better place for the "metabolically challenged" (i.e., frozen).

    These were the thoughts occupying my mind, as thirteen of us gathered 
one Saturday morning late in May, 1991.  Why, just think of what we'd 
rallied to do:  we were moving the first man ever frozen from his aged 
storage unit -- Twenty-one years worn -- and putting him into a new, 
efficient, four-person, state-of-the-art dewar.  He would get an additional 
sleeping bag for thermal protection.  He would rest in an individual 
aluminum pod for mechanical and further thermal protection.  He would nest 
efficiently, sharing liquid nitrogen with three others, and sharing a 
Patient Care Bay with thirteen more, with a full-time on-site caretaker, 
temperature alarms. . . .

    His care was improving.  After twenty-four years in storage, more years 
than I've been alive, rather than declining into sporadic attempts to avoid 
what once must have seemed inevitable, his care was getting better.  What 
an encouraging and heartening sign for someone who as likely as not will 
end up in a similar state someday.

    This was the stew-pot on one "back burner" of my mind, as I drank 
coffee and listened to Hugh Hixon explain the elaborate dance routine that 
would get Dr. Bedford out of his horizontal home of twenty-one years and 
into his new suit.  The other mental burner, a much bigger burner, was 
devoted to the same anxiety that must of have been niggling at twelve other 
forebrains at the very same moment:

** PHOTO SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"Donning the protective gear.  Liquid nitrogen splashes are unavoidable in 
transfers and encapsulations."

**
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (18)


** PHOTO SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"The inner shell is a bit more tricky, with vapors obscuring vision and 
liquid nitrogen spraying out.  Further, as the nitrogen level drops near 
Dr. Bedford's feet, his biological clock starts ticking once again, though 
he is still very cold."

**

When the lid dropped, when the bag lifted, when the vapor cleared, what 
were we going to find?  How relentless were Dr. Bedford's caretakers during 
the sixteen years before he came under Alcor's care?  Could anyone not 
building a business and a career around such persistent care possibly have 
stamina and fortitude enough to never screw up?  Was James Hiram Bedford 
not just legally dead, not just medically dead, but now also dead dead?  
(I.e., were the brain structures essential to his memories and identity 
eradicated?)

    We didn't know.  And the name "James Bedford," after twenty-four years 
of capital-P Pioneerness, has accumulated a lot of emotional and 
intellectual baggage for a lot of people.  Although far from conventional 
icon status, he represents a level of achievement and commitment to 
principle in the cryonics community that -- still reeling from the 
Chatsworth incident -- would sag horribly if it turned out that the First 
Man had fallen.  (I wish I were overstating the point.)

    With this heightened level of anticipation -- that feeling of being 
present for some Special Moment in history -- we fidgeted through the nine 
A.M. briefing.  This gradually devolved into into the assignment of 
preparatory parts-assembly and clutter-clearing tasks, which took the 
better part of an hour.  Final preparations consisted of dressing for our 
parts.  Those who would be physically transferring Bedford (Mike Darwin, 
Hugh Hixon, Jerry Leaf, Allen Lopp, Max More, Ralph Whelan, Russell 
Whitaker) donned cover-all rain suits to protect against liquid nitrogen 
splashes.

    This done, we deferred to experience.  Jim Amato, owner/operator of 
CryoTech (the cryogenic repair company that gets our business) and expert 
handler of abrasive cutting wheels, hunkered down to the tricky task of 
cutting through the weld on Bedford's dewar.  Brief Dewar Lecture:  the old-
time storage dewars were welded (or bolted) shut to preserve a vacuum 
between the inner and outer steel shells.  Reflective foil situated within 
this vacuum provides additional insulation.

    Cutting through the outer shell would expose nothing but the reflective 
foil, but was tricky still in that Jim (and we) wanted to make as much 
cutting progress as we could without breaking the seal, since losing the 
vacuum would greatly compromise our thermal protection and increase the 
rate of liquid nitrogen boil-off.  We weren't chained to the clock yet, but 
we were thinking about it.

    Jim spent about twenty-five minutes cutting evenly around the outer 
shell, while antsy cryonicists approached and receded.  Scant minutes after 
the first hiss of inrushing air, the lid of the outer shell dropped away.  
We were rewarded with mounds of Dimplar foil -- a dimpled insulator 
produced by a now-defunct company -- and, with a little digging, the bare, 
cold surface of the inner shell.

    The inner shell quickly began to frost over, revealing the "water 
line," so to speak, of the liquid level inside.  Jim set to work on the 
inner weld, while behind him the procession of anxious cryonicists stepped 
up in tempo.  Minutes later, when he broke through the inner shell, a plume 
of nitrogen vapor marked the occasion dramatically.  Later still, as he 
widened the breach around the perimeter of the lid, the 

** PHOTO SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"Now we work fast.  Restraining bolts are removed and Dr. Bedford is 
quickly transferred into a waiting liquid nitrogen bath.  Dr. Perry, in the 
background, records exposure time and assorted historical moments."

**
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (19)


** PHOTO SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"Here the antiquated but adequate racking system is exposed.  THe ropes had 
secured Dr. Bedford to the tray;  what appear as paper scraps were actually 
'Dimplay' foil, an insulation material."

**

nitrogen began escaping in liquid form, and quickly, and we could see by 
the frost line on the inner shell that Dr. Bedford's biological clock would 
soon be ticking again.  It was the "feet" end of the dewar that was raised, 
so the brain was surely still immersed, but no warming is good warming.

    (Here follows a brief interval of finger-flexing and foot-stomping for 
twelve ischemia-hating Alcorians, their anxiety squared and cubed by the 
unfairness of still not knowing if there was even anything to be nervous 
about anymore.  Jim, would you get that damned thing open!)

    He did get it open, and expertly so.  And here we got our first 
surprise:  the stretcher, or more precisely the metal frame holding Dr. 
Bedford, was bolted to the slide!  After a quick scramble for a couple of 
wrenches, the bolts were loosened.  As we stepped aside, Jim and Hugh began 
working to loosen the bolts holding the racking system that supported 
Bedford.  Once Jim and Hugh loosened these, we were able to slide the rack 
almost entirely out, revealing a pale blue sleeping bag secured to the rack 
with Nylon rope.  Then we got our second surprise:  another set of bolts 
anchoring the rack to the slide on the the other end!  A quick decision was 
made to simply cut Bedford free from the rack and lift him in the sleeping 
bag.  As Mike had a pair of Superscissors in his pocket, this went 
rapidly.  So rapidly in fact that the sleeping bag was still soaked with 
liquid nitrogen when we picked it up.  This was the first installment in a 
collection of minor liquid nitrogen burns for most of the transfer 
participants.

    Since we knew well ahead of time that we would want to evaluate 
Bedford's condition, and that we could not risk him warming while we did 
so, Hugh had engineered a heavily insulated bathtub, of sorts, to 
facilitate this.  What we had, in effect, was a galvanized steel tank 
filled with liquid nitrogen and surrounded by about a foot of expanded 
polystyrene foam.  This created a bath that would allow us to a) assess 
Bedford's condition and determine whether or not he had ever been allowed 
to warm significantly, while keeping him submerged and cool, and b) perform 
the various mechanical manipulations that would allow us to get a second 
sleeping bag around him for thermal protection and an aluminum pod around 
him for mechanical protection, while again keeping him submerged for most 
of the operation.

    So we had the liquid nitrogen bath waiting nearby.  We rushed Bedford 
over to the bath and immediately submerged him.  After taking a breather 
and relaxing a bit, we began unzipping the pale-blue bag that covered him.  
With a minimum of lifting and thermal exposure (some is necessary to access 
the zipper), we worked it open.  With the billowing clouds of water vapor 
condensing from the air as a result of peeling back the sleeping bag, it 
was difficult at first to see him clearly, but eventually the air cleared 
enough that we were able to see.  As you might be able to tell from the 
accompanying pictures, there was quite an expectant and eager gathering.

    After (for some) years to decades of wondering and hoping, we were at 
last able to satisfy ourselves that the news was nothing but good.  Dr. 
Bedford, it would seem, had been attended to diligently over the preceding 
decades.  Looking at him, we could say with certainty (and the ultimate 

** PHOTO SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"This is a crew of relieved cryonicists.  Dr. Bedford -- once again 
submerged in liquid nitrogen -- looks as good as we could've hoped."

**
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (20)


** PHOTO SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"This rigging system and bath, engineered by Hugh Hixon, allows us to 
transfer patients into sleeping bags and aluminum pods with only brief 
removal from liquid nitrogen."

**

in satisfaction) that his temperature in degrees Celsius had remained 
negative -- had not risen above zero -- during the past twenty-four years.  
(For a technical description of Dr. Bedford's condition, see the following 
piece by Mike Darwin:  Evaluation of the Condition of Dr. James H. Bedford 
After 24 Years of Cryonic Suspension.)

    Once the tension was sufficiently eased and we were prepared to finish 
the job, Hugh rolled a modified engine hoist -- sort of an overhead jack 
assembly -- to a central position over the bath.  Along with a special 
strongback mount Hugh designed to lift the entire length of the patient 
evenly, this would allow us to hoist Bedford out of the nitrogen long 
enough to run a second sleeping bag beneath him.  Despite protective 
gloves, liquid nitrogen still manages to get through the seams;  everyone 
got their second set of liquid nitrogen burns at this juncture.  During all 
of the time that Bedford was out of the bath, his original sleeping bag 
provided thermal protection, while Russell and Max doused him continually 
with buckets of liquid nitrogen.  We returned him to the bath.

    Prior to the whole operation, Hugh had placed straps across the bottom 
of the bath and up over the edges.  These were now used to snug the second 
sleeping bag.  We were then able to use them as lifting straps as we 
hoisted Bedford once again, this time to slide first some straps and then 
half of an aluminum pod beneath him, while Russell and Max continued to 
bail nitrogen from the bath onto Bedford.  Again we lowered him.

    We loosened the hoist from the sleeping bag and affixed it to the 
straps running beneath the pod bottom.  Lifting only slightly, we were able 
to expose enough of the pod rim to slide the pod top into place and bolt it 
down.  I'm making this sound a bit smoother than it actually was;  as one 
would expect there was every manner of minor hang-up and contingency, but 
the gist of each maneuver we accomplished.

    Having run the thermocouple lines out a special port in the pod and 
having secured the top half of the pod "clamshell," we prepared to hoist 
the pod into a vertical position, with Bedford securely strapped within the 
pod head-down.  This is the trickiest part of the operation, since the 
patient will not be submerged and hence we must move quickly, while at the 
same time we're moving quite a weighty package, which is quite cold to 
boot.  The sleeping bags and pod provide tremendous thermal protection of 
the patient during such moves, but time is still of the essence.

    We maneuvered one of the "Bigfoot" dewars into position next to the 
bath.  (This dewar then held only one other patient, our most recent 
suspension, already in a protective pod.)  After hooking a lift bar to the 
pod and hooking it to an overhead electric winch, we began carefully 
hoisting the pod, while Max and Russell used a guide bar to prevent 
dragging as we worked it upright.  We then managed, relatively quickly and 
efficiently, to raise the pod and then lower it into the Bigfoot.

    And that was it.  The historical First Man had his new suit, as well as 
a team of very happy tailors.  At this rate of improvement in care, another 
twenty-five years will see Dr. Bedford's ultimate transfer!

** PHOTO SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"When the patients are out of the nitrogen, the sleeping bags keep the air 
away and the liquid around the patient, while dedicated cryonicists like 
Max More continuously saturate the bag."

**
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (21)


** PHOTO SPACE **
** CAPTIONS --

"Mike (standing center) runs the crane while Hugh guides the top of the pod 
(where the patient's feet are) and Max and Russell guide the bottom.  Ralph 
looks on approvingly."

**

"Pod Jockeys Ralph and Mike guide the tricky descent into the dewar.  The 
pod system makes for a tight fit, for stability.  The wires visible at the 
top of the pod are thermocouple (temperature) probes."

**

"The pods nest together very well, as this picture illustrates.  The square 
centerpiece is a racking system with shelves for neuropatients or pets.  
All pieces are aluminum, with liquid nitrogen vents, straps for stability, 
and lift mounts on the 'top.'  (Remember that the patients are secured head-
down.)"

**
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (22)


Evaluation of the Condition of Dr. James H. Bedford 
After 24 Years of Cryonic Suspension

by Mike Darwin

Introduction

    On 12 January, 1967, Dr. James H. Bedford became the first man to enter 
cryonic suspension.  The story of his suspension and his care over the 
intervening years is covered elsewhere (1,2,3).  The purpose of this 
article is to document Dr. Bedford's condition as assessed by a brief 
external exam conducted on 25 May, 1991.  At this time, Dr. Bedford was 
transferred from the horizontal sealed-in-the-field (Galiso, Inc.) 
cryogenic dewar -- into which he had been welded in April of 1970 -- to a 
state-of-the-art multipatient dewar.


Removal From The Dewar

    At approximately 09:30 on 25 May the foot end of the dewar containing 
the patient was elevated on concrete blocks, effectively submerging the 
patient's head and torso.  Beginning at about 10:00 AM, an abrasive cutting 
wheel was used to open the outer shell of the dewar, in the process 
breaking the vacuum (at 10:15).  The outer head was then removed and the 
reflective barrier in the annulus between the inner and outer cans, 
consisting of multiple layers of dimpled aluminized mylar (Dimplar), was 
torn away.  The inner head was then opened by an abrasive cutting wheel;  
this process was completed at 10:55.

    The metal framework (bed) supporting the patient was then slid out of 
the unit.  The patient, contained in a sleeping bag, was freed from the bed 
by cutting the nylon rope securing him to it.  The patient was then 
transferred to an insulated, open-topped bath of liquid nitrogen for 
examination and evaluation.

    In order to avoid any possibility of rewarming, the patient was 
evaluated while submerged in liquid nitrogen.  The necessity of conducting 
the examination under these conditions limited its scope.


Evaluation

    External visual examination discloses a well-developed, well nourished 
male who appears younger than his 73 years.  The skin on the upper thorax 
and neck appears discolored and erythematous from the mandible to 
approximately two cm. above the areolas.  The area of discoloration is 
fairly sharply demarcated on the thorax.  The head is turned to the left 
and two puncture marks are noted approximately 1 cm apart over the 
anteriomedial aspect of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (approximately 
paralelling the internal carotid artery).  These puncture marks are clot-
free and present a fresh, "cored" appearance (suggesting a large-bore 
needle).

    The skin on the left side of the neck is distended with what appears to 
be a fluid bolus(es) injected into the subcutaneous space.  The position of 
the patient's head precludes careful examination of the skin for puncture 
marks on the left side.  There is frozen blood issuing from the mouth and 
nose.  A smear of bright-red blood covers the skin around the nose and 
mouth in a pattern which appears to have been defined by a respirator 
mask.  A larger quantity of darker red blood appears to have flowed out of 
the mouth during freezing to dry ice temperature, as it retains the 

** PHOTO SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"Opening the outer head of the dewar:  an abrasive cutting wheel was used 
to score the weld before cutting completely through the outer can and 
breaking the vacuum."

**
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (23)


** PHOTO SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"The patient submerged in liquid nitrogen.  A piece of liquid nitrogen 
saturated, open-cell urethane foam was used to provide thermal protection 
for the top of the patient's thorax where it projected out of the liquid 
nitrogen.  Note the smears of blood around the mouth and nose and the 
discoloration of the skin of the upper thorax, which presents a 'scalded' 
appearance."

**

folds and contours of the wrapping material which presumably covered the 
patient's face during freezing.

    The eyes are partially open and the corneas are chalk-white from ice.  
The nares are flattened out against the face, apparently as a result of 
being compressed by a slab of dry ice during initial freezing.  The head is 
fringed with short-cropped, uniformly gray hair.  Several small pieces of 
adherent aluminized mylar are present on the occiput.

    The skin on the ventral thorax, abdomen, and limbs appears free of 
lesions and of normal color with the following exception:  the right 
forearm and hand appear discolored and erythematous and appear to be the 
site of an intravenous line or subcutaneous injection of a hemolytic or 
irritating product.  Most of the abdomen and thorax were covered with a 
thin, transparent, polyethylene sheet which was reflected back to 
facilitate examination.  The chest is covered with sparse gray hair.

    Close examination of the skin on the chest over the pectoral area 
disclosed sinuous features that appeared to be fractures.  When these were 
probed under the liquid with a spinal needle it was noted that the skin was 
discontinuous over these areas.  Subsequently, two small samples of skin 
were secured from the edges of one of these "fractures" with the gentle  
use of a wood chisel.  The samples are currently being maintained in liquid 
nitrogen vapor for subsequent ultrastructural evaluation.

    It is noted that in addition to the presence of unmelted water ice 
obscuring the genitals, there was another mass of unmelted water ice 
between the right arm and abdomen, just above the pelvis.  A part of this 
ice mass was lifted free with a spinal needle and was observed to still 
retain some of the original small cube structure, attesting to the fact 
that it had not been warmed above 0�C.

    The genitals are not visible due to the presence of unmelted water ice 
which anchors the plastic film.

    The lower legs are crossed with the right foot over the left.  There is 
aluminized mylar tape, of the kind used to secure superinsulation inside 
cryogenic dewars, wrapped around the toes of both feet.  This tape was 
removed for examination;  upon rewarming the tape retained its adhesive 
properties.  It is presumed this tape was placed after cooling to -79�C for 
the purpose of anchoring thermocouple probes used to monitor temperature 
descent in the Cryo-Care storage unit (4).

    Owing to the need to maintain the patient submerged in liquid nitrogen, 
and the logistic aspects attendant to his transfer from one dewar to 
another, the dorsal aspect of the body was not examined.

** PHOTO SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"View of the patient's thorax and abdomen.  The edge of the erythematous 
area can be seen at the extreme left.  A sheet of polyethylene plastic 
covers the body from the axilla to the groin.  Note the water ice present 
between the forearm and abdomen as well as the 'ridge' of ice (retaining 
the shape of the original wrapping) running down the dorsal surface of the 
arm."

**
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (24)


** PHOTO SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"Ice mass removed from between right arm and abdomen (suspended on a spinal 
needle above the liquid nitrogen bath containing the patient).  Some of the 
original small cubed structure is still visible."

**

Conclusions

    Overall this examination indicates that the patient has at least not 
been warmed above 0�C.  Further, the presence of undenatured hemoglobin as 
evidenced by the presence of bright red blood, and the appearance of the 
water ice remaining on the patient, including what appeared to be loose 
(i.e., unrecrystalized) condensed "frost" from his cooling to -79�C 
suggests that rewarming was not to any high subzero temperature (i.e., it 
seems likely that his external temperature has remained at relatively low 
subzero temperatures throughout the storage interval).

    Given the patient's thermal history, which consists of nearly a decade 
and a half of cycling between liquid nitrogen vapor temperature at 80�K and 
liquid nitrogen temperature at 77�K, and at least two previous instances of 
removal from cryogenic storage and transient exposure to ambient 
temperature while being transferred from storage dewar to storage dewar, it 
is not surprising that he should show evidence of surface fracturing.

    In 1983, during examination of another patient converted from whole 
body to neurosuspension who had been previously rewarmed to -79�C and then 
cooled to -196�C a second time, external fractures were also noted (5).  
However, one marked dissimilarity between the fractures present in that 
patient and those present in this one was that the skin in the former 
patient had separated from the underlying tissues in spots, sometimes 
presenting a "peeling paint" appearance.  This phenomenon was not observed 
to have occurred with this patient.

    It is assumed that the erythematous discoloration observed in the skin 
of the jaw, neck, upper thorax, and right arm were as a result of the 
hypodermic injection of highly concentrated cryoprotectant solution or 
perhaps pure dimethylsulfoxide as has been reported by Nelson (6) and 
Prehoda (7).  It is the author's opinion that the nature of the 
discoloration is due to hemolysis from this agent(s).

    Bloody fluid issuing from the mouth and nose was a not completely 
unanticipated finding;  photos made during the patient's transfer from the 
Cryo-Care storage vessel to the Galiso unit in 1970 suggest this.  The 
character of this fluid appears to be whole blood, ruling out purging of 
gastric contents (an early post-mortem sign of decomposition) as a cause.  
The source of this blood is presumed to be pulmonary hemorrhage secondary 
to prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation and friable lungs as a result of 
the extensive pulmonary metastases which were the proximate cause of 
deanimation.  It is well-established that pulmonary edema is a common 
consequence of prolonged closed chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation 
clinically (8) as well as in prolonged cardiopulmonary support of cryonic 
suspension patients using closed chest cardiac compression (9).


References

1) Nelson, R.F. and Stanley, S., We Froze The First Man, Dell Publishing 
Co., Inc., New York, 1968.

2) Nelson, R.F., Personal communication, 23 September, 1982

3) Darwin, M.G., "Dear Dr. Bedford", Cryonics, 12(7), 15-22 (1991).

4) Kraver, T., Personal communication, 3 June, 1991.

5) Federowicz, M., Hixon, H., and Leaf J., "Post-mortem examination of 
three cryonic suspension patients." Cryonics, (September, 1984).

6) Nelson, R.F., Personal communication, 23 September, 1982.

7) Prehoda, R., Unpublished interview conducted in May, 1983.

8) Ornato, J.P., et al., "Measurement of ventilation during cardiopulmonary 
resuscitation." Crit. Care Med., 11(2), 79-82 (1983).

9) Unpublished case histories of Alcor patients A-1103 and A-1036.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (25)


A Lesson From Political Experience

by Allen J. Lopp

    I may appear to be trying to pass myself off as an expert at political 
lobbying, but actually I am quite the neophyte.  At times I have been a 
hanger-on in some non-cryonics organizations which gave me the chance to 
watch others do lobbying and political action, so I have been exposed to 
the logic and tactics involved.  My personal experience is light, although 
my interest is high.  Undoubtedly a longer track record can be claimed by 
several Alcor members that have been active in the National Space Society 
and its precursor organizations.  H. Keith Henson, Alcor member and CEL 
president, was a founder of the L-5 Society in the mid-70's and was one of 
the leaders in the successful fight against the UN Moon Treaty.  More 
recently, some Alcor members can be counted among a virtual handful of 
space activists that were successful at lobbying the Space Transportation 
Services Purchase Act through Congress.  This Act, which authorizes NASA to 
purchase launch capability from private firms in certain cases, was 
incorporated as Title II of the last NASA Authorization Bill and is now 
law.  Alcor members that participated in this lobbying effort include Keith 
Henson, Mark Voelker, Kurt Schoedel, David Brandt-Erichsen (who is, by the 
way, an NSS Director) and Alcor Director Brenda Peters.

    Mark Voelker wrote a thoughtful letter to me earlier this year about 
how the experience the NSS lobbyists learned could be applied to cryonics 
lobbying.  I'd like to share a portion of his letter with you now.  I have 
not changed any of Mark's words, although I have changed the formatting 
somewhat, putting his points into a bulleted list:

        "I think it's time to begin political action in support of 
    cryonics (consider the recent legislation outlawing cryonics in 
    British Columbia).  However, we cannot start any sort of public 
    campaign for pro-cryonics legislation until several things have been 
    accomplished.

    -- First, we need to decide what we want in the way of 
    legislation, both ideally and in the event of the inevitable 
    compromises that are part of the political process.  

    -- Second, we need to identify which organs of government will, 
    and in our view should, have jurisdiction over cryonics and related 
    activities.  This includes identifying the committees and 
    subcommittees in the legislature that will consider our legislation 
    and the politicians that sit on those committees, and also the 
    agencies and bureaucrats in the executive branch that will enforce 
    cryonics legislation.

    -- Third, we need to identify potential allies and opponents.

    -- Fourth, we need to develop a network of activists that possess 
    the necessary levels of personal maturity and motivation to carry 
    through to success a project that will require a light to moderate 
    level of activity sustained over several years.

    -- Finally, those activists need to volunteer to work for 
    various candidates and causes in both major parties to gain access to 
    politicians and their aides, to gather political intelligence, and to 
    learn the political process.

        "None of the above requires a lot of money, though people are 
    more easily induced to help out if expenses for telephone calls and 
    printing and mailing and the like are reimbursed by an organization 
    such as CEL.  Thus CEL can leverage its resources by using volunteer 
    labor if it can cover people's out-of-pocket expenses (but this 
    requires sufficiently motivated activists).  My experience with space 
    legislation runs counter to the popular view that political influence 
    is gained most effectively by making campaign contributions.  I think 
    that large contributions often serve as a form of political "damage 
    control" on the part of people and organizations that are trying late 
    in the game to derail well planned efforts by groups that are well 
    integrated into the political power structure.  We need to be pro-
    active, not reactive.

        "The Space Transportation Services Purchase Act became law 
    through the efforts of about a dozen activists, working for four 
    years with a budget of a few hundred dollars per year -- although we 
    would have done much better with ten times that much money.  I think 
    our success was due to;  1) our willingness to help out during the 
    campaign season with grunt work such as stuffing envelopes;  2) our 
    reasonableness, credibility and high level of preparedness when 
    discussing our needs with politicians;  3) our ability to listen to 
    others and take at least a nominal interest in their reasons for 
    being involved in politics;  4) a low level of political infighting 
    and power struggles within our group 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (26)


    (we just did what needed to be done according to who could do the job 
    at the time);  5) a recognition on the part of most of us that the 
    reward for our efforts would not be fame or fortune right away but the 
    creation of a more positive climate several years hence for 
    accomplishing our goals;  6) the basic fact that we were right and 
    correct in what we were trying to do, and weren't just trying to steal 
    money from the taxpayers or otherwise slant the system unfairly in our 
    favor;  and finally 7) good luck.  The last point can be made less 
    important with more money and people on your side, but beware -- 
    organizations with big budgets and memberships tend to get bogged down 
    in organizational formalities and political squabbling over money and 
    power.  Just ask Keith Henson about the fate of the National Space 
    Society."

    I really appreciate Mark's letter because I could hardly imagine a 
better blueprint on how to proceed to advocate pro-cryonics legislation on 
a truly modest budget.

    I anticipate, however, that there are major differences between 
lobbying for a space cause and lobbying for pro-cryonics legislation.  
Everyone knows that NASA exists and that space missions are a reality, 
although voters may disagree on whether space exploration is a good idea.  
With cryonics, however, the average man-on-the-street (or woman, or 
lawmaker, even) knows only the most basic idea, and often has been exposed 
to a lot of misinformation and negative "spin" on that information.  While 
space lobbyists deal with lawmakers on the details of how to do space 
exploration, cryonics advocates must first deal with their question:  
Everybody knows cryonics is crazy -- why should I act to protect it?  The 
most obvious approach is to first try to convince them that cryonics is a 
reasonable pursuit, even though the average Joe may assume it's crazy.  
Then, once this is done, there is another problem to deal with: Will the 
legislator be willing to support something his average constituent thinks 
is crazy, weird, anti-social, or ill advised?  The amount of education 
needed is formidable, on an issue that some will refuse to be educated 
about.

    For this reason again, I expect it is best to champion cryonics as a 
civil right rather than a course of action likely to achieve scientific 
success.  This is also the easiest way for lawmakers to justify their 
support to their constituents.  But no matter what approach we emphasize, 
it's clear to me that as cryonics advocates we have a lot of talking to 
do.  All the more reason to begin now.


Star Wars Trilogy, Computer Games,
and Expansion Bridges Made of Diamond Fibers

by Linda Chamberlain

    Brian hesitates at the door.  The gold letters on the smoked glass 
read:  "Pamela Palmer, M.D., Ph.D., Neuroprosthetics".  His heart rate 
soars.

    I must be insane, he says to himself, to let my friends badger me into 
this!  He takes a deep breath and opens the door.

    The nurse smiles, greets him, and asks him to have a seat.  It's a 
perfectly ordinary smile, but it irritates him.  He feels too warm as he 
looks around for a chair as far from others as possible in the waiting 
room.  The last thing he wants right now is a conversation with some boob 
mad enough to actually replace some part of his brain.  The thought makes 
him wince.

    Even before he gets comfortably hidden behind a magazine, that happy-
faced nurse calls his name.  His head is light as he follows her down a 
corridor of doors closed tight against prying eyes.  (Or maybe they were 
locked to keep the smart ones from running for their lives.)

    The nurse stops at an open door and gestures for him to wait inside.  
He straightens his clothes and enters, determined not to reveal his 
discomfort.  The nurse smiles again as she turns to leave.  Bet she thinks 
I'm a real pushover.  But I'll show them!  I can walk in here, listen to 
their best arguments, and then walk right out again.  There is nothing to 
be afraid of.  This is, after all, a free society.  I don't have to have a 
brain prosthetic if I don't want one.

    He thinks about the friends who pressured him into coming.  Alain, his 
best friend, had his cerebellum replaced.  The lunatic!  Says his 
coordination is far superior.  Well, maybe he can beat me at tennis now, 
but who cares, anyway.  And Mariza, now she's a knockout.  Even wanted to 
date her. . . 'til I found she'd had some unpronounceable area on the side 
of brain replaced to improve her writing and verbal communication.  Gad!  
What's the world coming to?  Have they all gone insane?

    A noise at the door.  Dr. Palmer paces briskly into the room and 
introduces herself.  At least she doesn't have a plastic smile like the 
nurse!  He feels better, but can't afford to lose the upper hand.  He 
rushes to let her know he wants no part of his brain removed and no foreign 
parts placed into it.  "I like my brain just the way it is," he tells her 
firmly.

    To his surprise, she listens.  She assures him he is not alone in his 
feelings and that neither she nor anyone on her staff will try to persuade 
him to accept anything he's not comfortable with.  He begins to relax but 
reminds himself that it could be a trick.  Grudgingly, he agrees to watch a 
video about the evolution of the human brain.  Dr. Palmer explains that he 
can make another appointment after seeing the video if he changes his mind 
and wants to explore the prospect of neuroprosthetics.  She asks him to pay 
particular attention to the concepts of consciousness continuity which will 
be discussed.  As Dr. Palmer leaves the room,  Brian feels en-
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (27)


gulfed by the loss of her reassuring presence.

    In "The Origin of Consciousness" in the "Breakdown of the Bicameral 
Mind" (8), Julian Jaynes addresses the mystery and wonder we feel when we 
contemplate the workings of our brains:

        Oh, what a world of unseen visions and heard silences, this 
    insubstantial country of the mind!  What ineffable essences, these 
    touchless rememberings and unshowable reveries!  And the privacy of 
    it all!  A secret theater of speechless monologue and prevenient 
    counsel, an invisible mansion of all moods, musings, and mysteries, 
    an infinite resort of disappointments and discoveries.  A whole 
    kingdom where each of us reigns reclusively alone, questioning what 
    we will, commanding what we can.  A hidden hermitage where we may 
    study out the troubled book of what we have done and yet may do.  An 
    introcosm that is more myself than anything I can find in a mirror.
    This consciousness that is my self of selves, that is everything, and 
    yet nothing at all -- what is it?

        And where did it come from?

        And why?

    There is disagreement among anthropologists about which came first, the 
neocortex or the tool, and possible cause and effect relationships.  But it 
seems clear that little of what we call abstract thought (understanding the 
use of tools, planning for future benefits of making tools, etc.) took 
place before the neocortex developed.  An understanding of the shaping of 
that capacity we call abstract thought begins with visualizing how our 
brains evolved over four billion years, from one-celled organisms all the 
way to Homo Sapiens.  It's a fascinating journey.  And for those of us who 
hope to take (or fear taking) the further evolution of our brains into our 
own hands, this journey of discovery is more than fascinating, it is 
essential to an understanding of the risks and the promises of such an 
undertaking.

** PHOTO SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"Chimpanzee, Australopithicene, Homo Erectus, Homo Sapiens."

**

    Paul MacLean's theory of the triune brain (1,7) is based on studies of 
comparative neuroanatomy and behavior.  It gives us a useful and insightful 
model of brain evolution (a beautiful discussion of this theory can be 
found in Carl Sagan's book, "Dragons of Eden" (2)).  In this view of brain 
evolution, we imagine the brain evolving very much like the remodeling of a 
house.

** DIAGRAM SPACE **
** CAPTION --

"(A) Lemur-like animal, (B) Tarsier-like animal, (C) Old World monkey, (D) 
Modern chimpanzee, (E) Australopithicine, (F) Homo Erectus, (G) Neanderthal 
man, (H) Cro-Magnon man."

**

    While newer and more useful wings are being built, the older sections 
are still used.  Even after the new areas are finished, older structures 
are not demolished, but kept for storage or reworked for other uses.  To 
abandon a functioning brain part before a new component is in place would 
be dangerous for the owner of the brain.  And evolution has not gained 
renown for a flair at scrapping out obsolete body parts.

    All creatures on this planet have distinct areas of the brain that 
correspond to evolutionary development over the ages.  The first 
complicated life forms were one-celled.  After many hundreds of millions of 
years, these ancestors found out how to join with other one-celled 
creatures and form more elegant and synergistic life forms like polyps and 
squid-like things, finally evolving into fish with eyes and gills.

    At this more advanced stage of evolution we had a brain stem to control 
such complicated functions as breathing and a heart to transport oxygen and 
nutrients to the vast community of cells making up our bodies.  Still 
today, as Homo Sapiens, we have a brain stem -- our neural chassis -- that 
controls these functions.

    As we evolved into amphibians that 
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (28)


could exist on the land as well as in the sea, we needed a more developed 
brain.  But we did not discard the brain stem.  Rather, we built a new wing 
onto our neural mansion:  the reptilian complex.  The primary parts of the 
brain involved here are the medulla, pons, and basal ganglia, which are 
nerve centers that help control activities such as walking, breathing, 
swallowing, and heart rate, and also act as primary conduits for messages 
between the brain and spinal cord (4,7).  Evolutionarily, this is 
frequently referred to as the R-Complex.  It gave us hard-wired 
instructions like, "If it moves, bite it."  Also, as many scientists 
contend, this area of the brain may produce the "frustration-aggression" 
reflex, and the seat of much of our uncontrolled violence as a species (7).

    Our reptilian ancestors found "survival value" in cooperating with 
other members of the species.  New behaviors such as social hierarchies and 
the blind following of leaders began to develop as a result of this new 
interaction among members of various species.  The ritualistic and often 
"mindless" or "hard-wired" behavior associated with this ancient part of 
our brains still functions in our heads and gives rise to the "cold-
blooded" parts of our nature.  Emotions were not to come along until 
mammalhood.

    With our evolution into mammals, long before achieving primate status, 
we developed still another wing and levels on our neural mansion.  As it 
lies above and borders the R-Complex, it is called the limbic (Latin for 
"border") system.  This inner surface of both cerebral hemispheres includes 
the thalamus, hypothalamus, and amygdala (4,7)).  Here stirred for the 
first time such "hot-blooded" mammalian characteristics as caring for our 
young, altruistic behavior, and love for others.  Many psychophysiologists 
(7) hold that some instinctual behaviors, like aggression, stem from the 
amygdala rather than, or in addition to, the reptilian complex.

    About this time, we began work on Project Paleocortex (which we would 
later call our "old cortex"), and increased the number of wiring 
connections from our limbic system into this new and fascinating part of 
our brain.  Some abstract thought and planning could now be found in our 
limbic system, but it was, and still is, very limited.

    When the idea popped into our pin heads to evolve into primates, 
through and beyond Australopithecines into Homo Erectus, we knew we would 
need larger brains.  It was obvious.  So we invented the neocortex with two 
hemispheres and gave it convolutions to expand our abilities even further.  
Finally we relinquished the safety of redundancy and added, in our left 
hemisphere, talents and abilities for language and verbal behavior which 
would complement those in our right brain and carry us through Homo Habilis 
all the way to Homo Sapiens.

    Today, our brains still have these three major areas in addition to the 
brain stem: (a) the reptilian complex; (b) the mammalian or limbic system, 
and; (c) the neocortex (1,4,7).  The neocortex, which represents the 
majority of the volume of the human brain (2), is where language, science, 
and civilization dwell.  We invented the neocortex to make available to 
ourselves such wonders as the Star Wars Trilogy, computer games, and 
suspension bridges made of diamond fibers.  But we did not discard our 
earlier systems.  Sometimes these are still useful.  Other times, perhaps, 
their influence could be better done without.

    This view of the evolution of the human brain is by necessity, a 
greatly simplified picture.  Paul MacLean, in referring to his Triune Brain 
Theory, points out that the human "reptilian brain" is incredibly more 
complex than the brain of any crocodile or snake.  And, in like manner, our 
limbic system far surpasses any owned by a cat or a rat.  It should not 
surprise us then, to find that most humans have thoughts and feelings and 
actions far more sophisticated than either a crocodile or a rat.

    The current human brain has great multiplicity of function.  Many types 
of behavior are associated with specific areas of the brain.  For example, 
language and speech are associated with Broca's area, which usually lies in 
the left frontal lobe of the neocortex, in front of the motor area, except 
in cases where the brain has compensated for damage to the left hemisphere 
by forming the Broca's area in the right frontal lobe.  And housing the 
ability to discriminate between words and the concepts they represent, and 
to create and act according to analogs of reality (and therefore likely the 
spring from which our sense of identity bubbles) is Wernicke's area in the 
left temporal lobe.  But not all functions and behaviors are quite so 
specialized (3).

    Frequently, one area of the brain suppresses or "rides herd" over other 
areas.  The neocortex, where we analyze and plan, often holds our emotional 
and aggressive (limbic) or hard-wired ritualistic (reptilian) tendencies in 
check.  In other individuals (and in other situations within the same 
individual) the neocortex is less successful in maintaining control.  The 
diversity of opinions over global situations -- such as current hostilities 
in the Middle East -- is a good example of how this tug-of-war between 
competing factors within the human brain contributes to such diversity of 
opinions over issues.

    A fascinating discussion of the vary-
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (29)


ing hierarchies of agencies within the human mind (from a more 
philosophical, or perhaps one could say a computerized, mechanistic point 
of view rather than a neuroanatomical view) is Marvin Minsky's "The Society 
of Mind" (5).  This is an enjoyable read while at the same time being a 
valuable contribution to an understanding of why we do the seemingly 
contradictory things we do.  Another look at this subject, from still 
another point of view (this time from more of an anthropological angle) is 
that of Julian Jaynes, in "The Origin of Consciousness" in the "Breakdown 
of the Bicameral Mind" (8).

    Our reptilian tendencies toward ritualism make us fear change.  Our 
leaders discourage change lest the "new order" oust them as leaders.  The 
ever-present cultural lag experienced with new ideas, scientific 
discoveries, and the like is largely a manifestation of this primitive 
mandate to preserve the status quo.

    But in spite of some of this negative evolutionary baggage we carry 
around, the diversity of our brains gives us a richness of texture and a 
sense of individuality we all treasure and jealously guard.  A graphic and 
dramatic analogy in a recent issue of Scientific American (6) helps us to 
visualize how the complexity of our neural structures paints for us our 
conception of our own individuality.  "To grasp the beauty in a choral 
piece, it is not enough to listen to the individual singers sequentially.  
One must hear the performers together, as they modulate their voices and 
timing in response to one another."

    It is this three-layered (triune) brain with all its complexity (in the 
neighborhood of ten billion neurons (4), about twice the current population 
of planet Earth) that conjures up our warm and fuzzy feelings that we are 
more than just a mappable, reproducible pattern of information; that merely 
reading out the neuronal structures would almost certainly leave uncaptured 
some essential, elusive element of our identity and personality.

    It is not difficult to see the neocortex as a geographically ordered 
and transplantable pattern of information.  We relate to this part of our 
brain as the "thinking part."  Information structures fit.  However, when 
we come to the emotions of our limbic system or the hard-wired instincts of 
our reptilian complex, this correlation is more difficult to assimilate.  
We reject these ideas on a "gut feel" level.

    Continuity of consciousness is the key to comfort for most who 
contemplate evolving beyond short-lived biological inhabitants of this 
small backwater solar system.  We are all aware of the changes that our 
current medical sciences can make in our body and our mind.  But we accept 
these with equanimity because the continuity of our consciousness is not 
threatened.  When we wear eyeglasses or submit to heart-lung surgery, are 
we not altering our bodies and with them our identities?  Yes, but we do 
not feel that continuity of consciousness has been interrupted.

    When a physician applies artificial life support systems to save the 
life of a child who might have died of sleep apnea, the brain stem has, in 
effect, been replaced, at least in part, with machines.  Has that child 
lost its identity?  We say "no" because, after all, it was only the brain 
stem!  The child's continuity of consciousness and memory assimilation were 
not interrupted, at least no more then is usually experienced under 
anesthesia, which is typically acknowledged as irrelevant.

    Even today, we alter our brains' functional states of consciousness in 
more dramatic ways without any objectionable loss of identity continuity.  
This is commonplace.  Today's physiological psychiatry routinely uses 
pharmaceuticals to modify behavior.  For example, many forms of depression 
and mania are treated by potentiating neurotransmitters with drugs to 
increase levels of norepinephrine and treat depression or to increase 
serotonin availability in the brain and decrease anxiety (4,7).

    Do we say that people taking these drugs lose their identities because 
they are no longer plagued with depression or anxiety?  Even those who 
admit that we have altered consciousness in such individuals seldom 
advocate that the sufferers be returned to their original states.  The 
sufferers themselves, interviewed after treatment, report loss of fears, 
feelings of vastly increased stability, higher levels of self-control, and 
magnified mental capacities.  Have these people become non-entities because 
of this drug intervention?  Or would it not be more proper to say that they 
have willingly augmented their identities in extraordinarily positive ways?

    These drugs are altering the limbic system of our brains.  If we can, 
even with today's technologies, alter our emotions, then we should feel no 
discomfort at the idea that emotional states will be even easier to produce 
and reproduce in the future.

    What of the question of mapping and reading out our brains into other 
vehicles of more ability and durability than the frail biological forms we 
inhabit today?  Uploading, or moving data from a smaller computer to one 
with greater processing capabilities, is a term and a concept becoming 
popular within the high-tech life extension subculture.  But not everyone 
feels comfortable with the idea of uploading her/his mind into computers or 
other bodily vehicles.

    We can take comfort in the knowledge that every aspect of our cosmos 
runs by the same laws.  And, correspondingly, the neocortex was not built 
using laws of physics different from those which apply to the rest of the 
brain's structures.  We evolved as carbon-based units on a given world with 
a given set of Tinkertoy parts.  Our brains -- all parts thereof -- are bio-

----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (30)


logical electro-chemical machines.  All parts, although evolved for 
different functions, obey the same rules of manufacture and management.  
This means when we acquire the technological sophistication (through 
nanotechnology or other means) needed to map the neocortex with its 
information and association areas, we will have the ability to map the 
limbic and the R-complex as readily.

    All the elements that make us up -- the good along with the bad -- can 
be preserved or mapped or uploaded equally well:  the neocortex with its 
thinking and planning, the limbic system with its emotional responses, and 
the R-Complex with its hard-wiring.  An understanding of the way our brain 
evolved comforts us with the knowledge that our mind is a symphony of 
neuronal interactions capable of being replicated in all its splendor.

    Understanding this, we become more comfortable with that elusive thing 
we call "identity."  That fleeting wisp, the loss of which stirs disquiet 
in the hearts of so many who seek extended lives.  That "I-word" which 
causes extreme discomfort and immediate rejection for many who consider 
uploading.

    Reflecting on the evolution of the human brain over the last several 
hundred million years strengthens our understanding of the prospects for 
transforming ourselves into beings housed in less vulnerable bodies, as 
well as the prospects for improving our information processing speeds and 
expanding our capabilities for joy, pleasure, and fulfillment.  As we take 
evolution into our own hands, we become the conductors.  We create neural 
symphonies to suit our own purposes.


REFERENCES:

(1)  MacLean, P. "The Triune Brain, Emotion, and Scientific Bias".  In The 
Neurosciences Second Study Program, edited by F.O. Schmitt.  New York:  The 
Rockefeller University Press, 1970.

(2)  Sagan, C. Dragons of Eden.  New York: Ballantine Books, 1977.

(3)  Nauta, W.J.H., and Feirtag, M., Fundamentals of Neuroanatomy. New 
York: Freeman and Company, 1986.

(4)  Plotnik, R., and Mollenauer, S., Brain and Behavior, San Francisco:  
Canfield Press, 1978.

(5)  Minsky, M. Society of Mind, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985.

(6)  Freeman, W.J., "The Physiology of Perception", Scientific American  
(February, 1991), pp. 78-85.

(7)  McConnell, J.V., Understanding Human Behavior, New York:  Holt, 
Rinehart, and Winston, 1986.

(8)  Jaynes, Julian. The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the    
Bicameral Mind, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1976.


Alcor News

Executive Life:  Damage Assessment

    Now that the smoke is starting to clear after the cave-in of Executive 
Life, damage assessments are becoming available.  One projection made by an 
actuary for the firm of Coopers and Lybrand indicates that if all goes 
well, policyholders could expect between 71 cents and 74 cents on the 
dollar.

    Unfortunately, it's not that simple.  Unless all the claimants 
cooperate, Executive may face liquidation, in which case California 
bankruptcy laws would come into play.  The problem is that these statutes 
provide for 100 cents on the dollar for top claimants -- and little or 
nothing for those further back in queue.  Currently Executive is in 
conservatorship.  It is thought that with careful management and a change 
in the position of the IRS -- which is currently demanding $650 million 
from Executive -- the company might be salvageable.  The question is, can 
everyone cooperate long enough to pull it off?  And more to the point, can 
California's insurance bureaucrats (who have demonstrated a consistent 
history of total ineptness) "manage" the rehabilitation and sale?

    The California Insurance Commission reports that negotiations for the 
purchase of Executive Life by the French financial giant Credit Lyonnaise 
are nearing a successful completion.  They also claim that if that deal 
falls through, there are two other buyers waiting in the wings.


Media Attention Continues

    On 7 June the syndicated news-magazine show Hard Copy did a nine-minute 
piece on cryonics with the focus on Thomas Donaldson's efforts to gain 
permission to enter suspension before a brain tumor destroys his mind.  
This show is one of the most positive we've seen so far.  It gets three 
stars out of four!

    Upcoming media coverage of cryonics and Alcor:  Wall Street Journal TV 
is doing a short segment on Alcor and the "business angle" to cryonics.  We 
don't yet know when this will air, but chances are it will be soon.  The 
BBC's "Short Circuit" program which is targeted to the teen-age educational 
market also has a program in the works, as does HBO.  We'll give you more 
details on these as they become available.

    The forthcoming Castlerock movie "Late For Dinner," which has a 
cryonics theme, is now scheduled for release late in the summer, possibly 
by late July or August.

    Also, the "48 Hours" episode that contains a segment about Alcor just 
re-ran, after having opened their fall season last year.


Progress Is Good In Australia

    Progress continues to be made in the land down under.  This group shows 
a lot of promise:  consistently putting out a good top-flight local 
newsletter and continuing to meet deadlines set and deal with issues in a 
realistic fashion.  The group has been holding independent training 
sessions and one of our correspondents tells us that these are being 
conducted professionally and competently.  In the Alcor Abroad section of 
the September issue we will reproduce from their newsletter a horrifying 
little piece by Cath Woof on her encounter with the Coroner of New South 
Wales.  And we thought we had problems -- this guy makes Ray Carillo look 
like Mother Goose.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (31)


Cryonics is. . .

    The application of low-temperature preservation technology to terminal 
patients today is called cryonic suspension.  The goal of cryonic 
suspension and the technology of cryonics is the transport of today's 
terminal patients to a time in the future when cell/tissue repair 
technology is available, and restoration to full function and health is 
possible -- a time when freezing damage is a fully reversible injury and 
cures exist for virtually all of today's diseases, including aging.

    As human knowledge and medical technology continue to expand in scope, 
people who would incorrectly be considered dead by today's medicine will 
commonly be restored to life and health.  This coming control over living 
systems should allow us to fabricate new organisms and sub-cell-sized 
devices for repair and resuscitation of patients who will have been waiting 
in cryonic suspension.


Alcor is. . . 

    The Alcor Life Extension Foundation is a non-profit tax-exempt 
scientific and educational organization.   Alcor currently has 17 members 
in cryonic suspension, hundreds of Suspension Members -- people who have 
arrangements to be suspended -- and hundreds more in the process of 
becoming Suspension Members.  Our Emergency Response capability includes 
equipment and trained technicians in New York, Canada, Indiana, and 
Northern California, with a cool-down and perfusion facility in Florida.

    The Alcor facility, located in Southern California, includes a full-
time staff with employees present 24 hours a day.  The facility also has a 
fully equipped and operational research laboratory, an ambulance for local 
response, an operating room and a patient storage facility consisting of 
several stainless steel, state-of-the-art storage vessels.

    All Alcor board members, officials, and suspension team personnel are 
required to be full suspension members.

    Call toll-free (800) 367-2228 or write (see reverse for address) for 
the free book Cryonics: Reaching for Tomorrow.


    Table of Charges and Dues

    Sign-up Package:  $300 first member of household, $150 each additional 
member.

    Whole Body Suspension Minimum:  $120,000.

    Neurosuspension Minimum:  $41,000.

    Outside U.S. Surcharge:  $10,000.

    Annual Adult Dues:  $252.00

    Additional Adult Family Member Annual Dues:  $126.00.

    Additional Family Member Child's Dues (under 15 years of age):  63.00

    Adult Student Annual Dues (must be full time students):  $126.00


    You can tour the Alcor facility in Riverside, California under the 
expert guidance of the Alcor staff.  The facility is open to small groups 
(15 people or less) who wish to learn how terminal patients are placed into 
suspension and how they are cared for at -320�F.

    The Alcor tour also features a discussion of the scientific evidence 
that patients in cryonic suspension have a realistic chance of being 
restored to life, health, and youthful vigor as well as a fascinating 
exploration of the advances likely to come in the 21st century and beyond.  
The tour provides an invaluable opportunity for you to have your questions 
about cryonics and the prospect of an extended human lifespan answered.

    The Alcor tour is free of charge.  If you'd like to make arrangements, 
call (800) 367-2228.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (32)


**  TYPIST'S NOTE:  THIS PAGE CONTAINED AN ORDER FORM FOR VARIOUS ALCOR 
ITEMS, BACK ISSUES OF CRYONICS, BOOKS, ETC.  **
----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    (33)


ADVERTISEMENTS AND PERSONALS

    The Alcor Life Extension Foundation and Cryonics reserve the right to 
    accept, reject, or edit ads at our own discretion, and assume no 
    responsibility for their content or the consequences of answering these
    advertisements.  The rate is $8.00 per line per month (our lines are 
    66 columns wide).  Tip-in rates per sheet are $90 (already printed and 
    folded);  or $180 (printed one side) or $270 (printed both sides), from
    camera-ready copy.  Tip-in advertisements must be clearly identified as
    such.

WANTED:  Panelists for a discussion of cryonics and life extension at the 
Chicon World SF Convention, Labor Day weekend (31 Aug - 2 Sept).  Technical 
qualifications would be a plus.  Contact Brett Bellmore;  8750 Burt Rd.;  
Capac, MI 48014;  Tel: (313) 724-1293.

MARY NAPLES, CLU and BOB GILMORE -- CRYONICS INSURANCE SPECIALISTS.  New 
York Life Insurance Company;  4600 Bohannon Drive, Suite 100;  Menlo Park, 
CA 94025. (800) 621-6677.

EXTROPY:  The Journal of Transhumanist Thought, #7. Memetics and cryonics, 
privately produced law, spontaneous orders (markets, agoristic computing, 
hypertext) neurocomputation, neologisms, transhumanism, reviews of Smart 
Drugs, and more. $4 from Max More;  P.O. Box 77243, Los Angeles, CA 90007-
0243


MEETING SCHEDULES

    Alcor business meetings are usually held on the first Sunday of the 
month.  Guests are welcome.  Unless otherwise noted, meetings start at 1 
PM.  For meeting directions, or if you get lost, call Alcor at (714) 736-
1703 and page the technician on call.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The AUGUST meeting will be at the home of:

(SUN, 4 AUG 1991)        Bill and Maggie Seidel
                         10627 Youngworth Rd.
                         Culver City, CA

Directions:  Take the San Diego (405) Freeway to Culver City.  Get off at 
the Jefferson Blvd. offramp, heading east (toward Culver City).  Go 
straight across the intersection of Jefferson Blvd. and Sepulveda Blvd. 
onto Playa St.  Go up Playa to Overland.  Go left on Overland up to Flaxton 
St.  Go right on Flaxton, which will cross Drakewood and turn into 
Youngworth Rd.  10627 is on the right (downhill) side of the street.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The SEPTEMBER meeting will be held at the home of:

(SUN, 1 SEP 1991)        Marce & Walt Johnson
                         8081 Yorktown Avenue
                         Huntington Beach, CA

Directions:  Take the San Diego Freeway (Interstate 405) to Beach Blvd. 
(Hwy 39) in Huntington Beach.  Go south on Beach Blvd. approximately 4-5 
miles to Yorktown Ave.  Turn east (left) on Yorktown.  8081 is less than 
one block east, on the left (north) side of the street.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

                 *                    *                    *

    There is an Alcor chapter in the San Francisco Bay area.  Its members 
are aggressively pursuing an improved rescue and suspension capability in 
that area.  Meetings are generally held on the second Sunday of the month, 
at 4 PM, followed by a potluck.  Meeting locations can be obtained by 
calling the chapter's Secretary, Carol Shaw, at (408) 730-5224.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The AUGUST meeting will be held at the home of:

(SUN, 11 AUG 1991)       Keith Henson and Arel Lucas
                         1794 Cardel Way
                         San Jose, CA

Directions:  Take the 17 South (880) and get off going east on Camden.  
Stay on Camden as it turns south and go to Michon Dr.  Turn right onto 
Michon and go to Harwood Rd.  Turn left on Harwood and go south to Almaden 
Rd. (1st street on right).  Turn right on Almaden and right again onto 
Elrose, then left onto Cardel.  1794 is near the end of the street, on the 
left.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The SEPTEMBER meeting will be held at the home of:

(SUN, 8 SEP, 1991)       Leonard Zubkoff
                         3078 Sulphur Spring Court
                         San Jose, CA
----------------------------------------------------------------------

                 *                    *                    *

    There are two Alcor discussion groups in the Greater New York area.  
Details may be obtained by calling either:

Gerard Arthus, at (516) 474-2949, or Curtis Henderson, at (516) 589-4256


    The New York Cryonics Discussion Group of Alcor meets on the third 
Sunday of each month at 2:30 PM, at 72nd Street Studios.  The address is 
131 West 72nd Street (New York), between Columbus and Broadway.  Ask for 
the Alcor group.  Subway stop:  72nd Street, on the 1, 2, or 3 trains.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The meeting dates are as follows:

        AUGUST 18      SEPTEMBER 15      OCTOBER 20      NOVEMBER 17
----------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Long Island Cryonics Discussion Group of Alcor meets on the first 
Saturday of every month, at the home of Gerry Arthus.  The address is:  10 
Jefferson Blvd.;  Port Jefferson Station, L.I., telephone (516) 474-2949.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The meeting dates are as follows:

          AUGUST 3      SEPTEMBER 7      OCTOBER 5      NOVEMBER 2
----------------------------------------------------------------------

             *                        *                        *

    There is a cryonics discussion group in the Boston area meeting every 
second Sunday at 3:00 PM.  Information may be obtained by contacting Eric 
Klien at (508) 663-5480 (work) or (508) 670-5235 (home).  There will be a 
meeting August 11 at 3 PM at the home of Eric Klien;  28 Kenmar Dr., #272;  
Billerica, MA 01821.  Take the 3 north to the Concord exit, and go right 
toward Billerica.  The fifth street on the right is Kenmar.  Go to the 
driveway one short of the end of Kenmar and turn left.  Go to Building 28 
(last building).

             *                        *                        *

    The Houston area has a discussion group on cryonics, life extension, 
and the high/low diet.  Meetings are typically held the second Saturday of 
every month.  For more information call Ravin Jain at 713-797-1076 or 
Rupert Hazle at 713-480-3309.  Correspondence may be addressed to Rupert 
Hazle at 15107 McConn, Webster, TX 77598.


Other Events Of Interest

    There will be an Alcor fund-raising dinner on Saturday, September 28 at 
7 PM at the LAX Marriott Hotel, 5855 W. Century Blvd., Los Angeles.  The 
goal is to raise money to continue Alcor's research to improve cryonic 
suspension services.  Reports will be given on recent advances in cryonic 
suspension, ongoing research in cryonics, and plans for future research.  
Reservations are $100/plate, check or money order to Alcor at 12327 Doherty 
St., Riverside, CA 92503;  or by credit card to 1-800-367-2228.
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